Hybrid Commercial Legal Services - Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024
Table of Contents1 Market Overview of Hybrid Commercial Legal Services
1.1 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Overview
1.1.1 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Product Scope
1.1.2 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Status and Outlook
1.2 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Overview by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
1.3 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
1.4 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
1.5 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
1.6 Key Regions, Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.1 North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.2 Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.4 Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029)
2 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market by Type
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Contract Lawyers
2.1.2 Document Review Services
2.1.3 Legal Consultancy
2.1.4 Managed Legal Services
2.1.5 Others
2.2 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
2.2.1 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
2.2.2 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
2.3 Key Regions Market Size by Type
2.3.1 North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.2 Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.3 Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.4 Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
2.3.5 Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Type (2018-2029)
3 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Overview by Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Small & Median Enterprise
3.1.2 Large Enterprise
3.1.3 Others
3.2 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2.1 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
3.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
3.3.1 North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.2 Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.3 Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.4 Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
3.3.5 Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Breakdown by Application (2018-2029)
4 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Competition Analysis by Players
4.1 Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Players (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Top Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services as of 2022)
4.3 Date of Key Players Enter into Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market
4.4 Global Top Players Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Headquarters and Area Served
4.5 Key Players Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Product Solution and Service
4.6 Competitive Status
4.6.1 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Concentration Rate
4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
5 Company (Top Players) Profiles
5.1 Latham & Watkins
5.1.1 Latham & Watkins Profile
5.1.2 Latham & Watkins Main Business
5.1.3 Latham & Watkins Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.1.4 Latham & Watkins Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.1.5 Latham & Watkins Recent Developments
5.2 Baker & McKenzie
5.2.1 Baker & McKenzie Profile
5.2.2 Baker & McKenzie Main Business
5.2.3 Baker & McKenzie Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.2.4 Baker & McKenzie Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.2.5 Baker & McKenzie Recent Developments
5.3 Skadden
5.3.1 Skadden Profile
5.3.2 Skadden Main Business
5.3.3 Skadden Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.3.4 Skadden Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.3.5 Arps Recent Developments
5.4 Arps
5.4.1 Arps Profile
5.4.2 Arps Main Business
5.4.3 Arps Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.4.4 Arps Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.4.5 Arps Recent Developments
5.5 Slate
5.5.1 Slate Profile
5.5.2 Slate Main Business
5.5.3 Slate Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.5.4 Slate Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.5.5 Slate Recent Developments
5.6 Meagher & Flom LLP
5.6.1 Meagher & Flom LLP Profile
5.6.2 Meagher & Flom LLP Main Business
5.6.3 Meagher & Flom LLP Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.6.4 Meagher & Flom LLP Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.6.5 Meagher & Flom LLP Recent Developments
5.7 Clifford Chance
5.7.1 Clifford Chance Profile
5.7.2 Clifford Chance Main Business
5.7.3 Clifford Chance Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.7.4 Clifford Chance Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.7.5 Clifford Chance Recent Developments
5.8 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer
5.8.1 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Profile
5.8.2 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Main Business
5.8.3 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
5.8.4 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) & (2018-2023)
5.8.5 Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Recent Developments
6 North America
6.1 North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
6.2 U.S.
6.3 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
7.2 Germany
7.3 France
7.4 U.K.
7.5 Italy
7.6 Russia
7.7 Nordic Countries
7.8 Rest of Europe
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Region (2018-2029)
8.2 China
8.3 Japan
8.4 South Korea
8.5 Southeast Asia
8.6 India
8.7 Australia
8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
9.2 Mexico
9.3 Brazil
9.4 Rest of Latin America
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2029)
10.2 Turkey
10.3 Saudi Arabia
10.4 UAE
10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Dynamics
11.1 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Industry Trends
11.2 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Drivers
11.3 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Challenges
11.4 Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Restraints
12 Research Finding /Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List
List of TablesTable 1. Global Market Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (US$ Million) Comparison by Region 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 2. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 4. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 5. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 6. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (US$ Million) by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 7. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 9. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 10. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)
Table 11. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 12. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 13. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 14. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 16. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 19. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (US$ Million) by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 24. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)
Table 26. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue (US$ Million) by Players (2018-2023)
Table 37. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 38. Global Top Players Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services as of 2022)
Table 39. Date of Key Players Enter into Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market
Table 40. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 41. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Product Solution and Service
Table 42. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 43. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 44. Latham & Watkins Basic Information List
Table 45. Latham & Watkins Description and Business Overview
Table 46. Latham & Watkins Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 47. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Latham & Watkins (2018-2023)
Table 48. Latham & Watkins Recent Developments
Table 49. Baker & McKenzie Basic Information List
Table 50. Baker & McKenzie Description and Business Overview
Table 51. Baker & McKenzie Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 52. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Baker & McKenzie (2018-2023)
Table 53. Baker & McKenzie Recent Developments
Table 54. Skadden Basic Information List
Table 55. Skadden Description and Business Overview
Table 56. Skadden Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 57. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Skadden (2018-2023)
Table 58. Skadden Recent Developments
Table 59. Arps Basic Information List
Table 60. Arps Description and Business Overview
Table 61. Arps Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 62. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Arps (2018-2023)
Table 63. Arps Recent Developments
Table 64. Slate Basic Information List
Table 65. Slate Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Slate Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 67. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Slate (2018-2023)
Table 68. Slate Recent Developments
Table 69. Meagher & Flom LLP Basic Information List
Table 70. Meagher & Flom LLP Description and Business Overview
Table 71. Meagher & Flom LLP Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 72. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Meagher & Flom LLP (2018-2023)
Table 73. Meagher & Flom LLP Recent Developments
Table 74. Clifford Chance Basic Information List
Table 75. Clifford Chance Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Clifford Chance Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 77. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Clifford Chance (2018-2023)
Table 78. Clifford Chance Recent Developments
Table 79. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Basic Information List
Table 80. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Products, Services and Solutions
Table 82. Revenue (US$ Million) in Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Business of Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer (2018-2023)
Table 83. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer Recent Developments
Table 84. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 86. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 89. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 91. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 92. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 93. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 94. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 96. Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 97. Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Trends
Table 100. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Drivers
Table 101. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Challenges
Table 102. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Restraints
Table 103. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 104. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 105. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Year-over-Year 2018-2029 & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 3. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Regions: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 4. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Forecasted Market Size Share by Region (2024-2029)
Figure 5. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 6. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 7. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Growth Rate (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Product Picture of Contract Lawyers
Figure 11. Global Contract Lawyers Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 12. Product Picture of Document Review Services
Figure 13. Global Document Review Services Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 14. Product Picture of Legal Consultancy
Figure 15. Global Legal Consultancy Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 16. Product Picture of Managed Legal Services
Figure 17. Global Managed Legal Services Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 18. Product Picture of Others
Figure 19. Global Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 20. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Share by Type: 2022 & 2029
Figure 21. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 22. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 23. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 24. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 25. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 26. Small & Median Enterprise Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 27. Large Enterprise Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 28. Others Market Size (US$ Million) & YoY Growth (2018-2029)
Figure 29. Global Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size Share by Application: 2022 & 2029
Figure 30. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 31. Europe Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 32. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 33. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 34. Middle East and Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 35. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022
Figure 36. Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share in 2022
Figure 37. North America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 38. U.S. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Canada Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Germany Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. France Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. U.K. Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Italy Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Russia Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Nordic Countries Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Asia-Pacific Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 47. China Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Japan Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. South Korea Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Southeast Asia Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. India Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Australia Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Latin America Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 54. Mexico Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Brazil Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Middle East & Africa Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 57. Turkey Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Saudi Arabia Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. UAE Hybrid Commercial Legal Services Market Size (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report