Global Retail Back-office Software Industry Research Report, Growth Trends and Competitive Analysis 2022-2028
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.2.2 Cloud-Based
1.2.3 On-Premise
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Growth Rate by Application: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.3.2 Large Enterprises
1.3.3 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Market Perspective
2.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size (2017-2028)
2.2 Retail Back-office Software Market Size across Key Geographies Worldwide: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
2.3 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
2.5 Global Top Retail Back-office Software Countries Ranking by Market Size
3 Retail Back-office Software Competitive by Company
3.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Players
3.1.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Players (2017-2022)
3.1.2 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Share by Players (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Company Covered: Ranking by Retail Back-office Software Revenue
3.4 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Retail Back-office Software Revenue in 2021
3.5 Global Retail Back-office Software Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Retail Back-office Software Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Retail Back-office Software Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Global Retail Back-office Software Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Historic Revenue by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Retail Back-office Software Forecasted Revenue by Type (2023-2028)
5 Global Retail Back-office Software Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Retail Back-office Software Historic Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Retail Back-office Software Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America
6.1 North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
6.2 North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.4 North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.4.1 U.S.
6.4.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
7.2 Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.4 Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.4.1 Germany
7.4.2 France
7.4.3 U.K.
7.4.4 Italy
7.4.5 Russia
8 Asia Pacific
8.1 Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
8.2 Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.4 Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.4.1 China
8.4.2 Japan
8.4.3 South Korea
8.4.4 India
8.4.5 Australia
8.4.6 Taiwan
8.4.7 Indonesia
8.4.8 Thailand
8.4.9 Malaysia
8.4.10 Philippines
8.4.11 Vietnam
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
9.2 Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.3 Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.4 Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.4.1 Mexico
9.4.2 Brazil
9.4.3 Argentina
10 Middle East and Africa
10.1 Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022)
10.2 Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.4 Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.4.1 Turkey
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia
10.4.3 U.A.E
11 Company Profiles
11.1 Petrosoft
11.1.1 Petrosoft Company Details
11.1.2 Petrosoft Business Overview
11.1.3 Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.1.4 Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.1.5 Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.1.6 Petrosoft Recent Developments
11.2 AGILIRON
11.2.1 AGILIRON Company Details
11.2.2 AGILIRON Business Overview
11.2.3 AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.2.4 AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.2.5 AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.2.6 AGILIRON Recent Developments
11.3 ECR Software Corporation
11.3.1 ECR Software Corporation Company Details
11.3.2 ECR Software Corporation Business Overview
11.3.3 ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.3.4 ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.3.5 ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.3.6 ECR Software Corporation Recent Developments
11.4 EffiaSoft Private Limited
11.4.1 EffiaSoft Private Limited Company Details
11.4.2 EffiaSoft Private Limited Business Overview
11.4.3 EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.4.4 EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.4.5 EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.4.6 EffiaSoft Private Limited Recent Developments
11.5 Bizerba SE & Co. KG
11.5.1 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Company Details
11.5.2 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Business Overview
11.5.3 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.5.4 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.5.5 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.5.6 Bizerba SE & Co. KG Recent Developments
11.6 Data Systems Inc
11.6.1 Data Systems Inc Company Details
11.6.2 Data Systems Inc Business Overview
11.6.3 Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.6.4 Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.6.5 Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.6.6 Data Systems Inc Recent Developments
11.7 NCR Corporation
11.7.1 NCR Corporation Company Details
11.7.2 NCR Corporation Business Overview
11.7.3 NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.7.4 NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.7.5 NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.7.6 NCR Corporation Recent Developments
11.8 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd
11.8.1 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Company Details
11.8.2 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Business Overview
11.8.3 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software Products and Services
11.8.4 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
11.8.5 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
11.8.6 Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Recent Developments
12 Retail Back-office Software Market Dynamics
12.1 Retail Back-office Software Market Trends
12.2 Retail Back-office Software Market Drivers
12.3 Retail Back-office Software Market Challenges
12.4 Retail Back-office Software Market Restraints
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
List of TablesTable 1. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Key Players of Cloud-Based
Table 3. Key Players of On-Premise
Table 4. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size Growth Rate by Application (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 5. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size (US$ Million) by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 6. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 8. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Players (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Share by Players (2017-2022)
Table 10. Global Top Retail Back-office Software Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Retail Back-office Software as of 2021)
Table 11. Ranking of Global Top Retail Back-office Software Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2021
Table 12. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Retail Back-office Software Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2017-2022)
Table 13. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 14. Key Players Retail Back-office Software Product Solution and Service
Table 15. Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Retail Back-office Software Market
Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 17. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 19. Global Retail Back-office Software Forecasted Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 20. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2023-2028)
Table 21. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 23. Global Retail Back-office Software Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2023-2028)
Table 25. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 46. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 53. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Company (2020-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 54. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 58. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. Petrosoft Company Details
Table 61. Petrosoft Business Overview
Table 62. Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 63. Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Petrosoft Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 65. Petrosoft Recent Developments
Table 66. AGILIRON Company Details
Table 67. AGILIRON Business Overview
Table 68. AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 69. AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. AGILIRON Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 71. AGILIRON Recent Developments
Table 72. ECR Software Corporation Company Details
Table 73. ECR Software Corporation Business Overview
Table 74. ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 75. ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 76. ECR Software Corporation Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 77. ECR Software Corporation Recent Developments
Table 78. EffiaSoft Private Limited Company Details
Table 79. EffiaSoft Private Limited Business Overview
Table 80. EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 81. EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. EffiaSoft Private Limited Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 83. EffiaSoft Private Limited Recent Developments
Table 84. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Company Details
Table 85. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Business Overview
Table 86. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 87. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 88. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 89. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Recent Developments
Table 90. Data Systems Inc Company Details
Table 91. Data Systems Inc Business Overview
Table 92. Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 93. Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 94. Data Systems Inc Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 95. Data Systems Inc Recent Developments
Table 96. NCR Corporation Company Details
Table 97. NCR Corporation Business Overview
Table 98. NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 99. NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. NCR Corporation Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 101. NCR Corporation Recent Developments
Table 102. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Company Details
Table 103. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Business Overview
Table 104. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software Product and Services
Table 105. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software Revenue in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Retail Back-office Software SWOT Analysis
Table 107. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Recent Developments
Table 108. Retail Back-office Software Market Trends
Table 109. Retail Back-office Software Market Drivers
Table 110. Retail Back-office Software Market Challenges
Table 111. Retail Back-office Software Market Restraints
Table 112. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 113. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 114. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Global Retail Back-office Software Sales Market Share by Type: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 2. Cloud-Based Features
Figure 3. On-Premise Features
Figure 4. Global Retail Back-office Software Sales Market Share by Application: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 5. Large Enterprises Case Studies
Figure 6. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) Case Studies
Figure 7. Retail Back-office Software Report Years Considered
Figure 8. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 9. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 10. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Size Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 11. Global Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017 VS 2022
Figure 12. Global Top 10 Retail Back-office Software Countries Ranking by Market Size (US$ Million) in 2021
Figure 13. Global Retail Back-office Software Market Share by Players in 2021
Figure 14. Global Top Retail Back-office Software Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Retail Back-office Software as of 2021)
Figure 15. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Retail Back-office Software Revenue in 2021
Figure 16. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
Figure 17. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 18. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 19. North America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 20. U.S. Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Canada Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
Figure 23. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 24. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 25. Europe Retail Back-office Software Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 26. Germany Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. France Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. U.K. Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Italy Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Russia Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
Figure 32. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 33. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Asia Pacific Retail Back-office Software Revenue Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 35. China Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. India Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Australia Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Taiwan Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Indonesia Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Thailand Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Malaysia Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Philippines Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Vietnam Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
Figure 47. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 49. Latin America Retail Back-office Software Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 50. Mexico Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Brazil Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Argentina Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
Figure 54. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 56. Middle East and Africa Retail Back-office Software Revenue Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 57. Turkey Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Saudi Arabia Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. U.A.E Retail Back-office Software Revenue (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Petrosoft Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 61. AGILIRON Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 62. ECR Software Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 63. EffiaSoft Private Limited Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 64. Bizerba SE & Co. KG Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 65. Data Systems Inc Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 66. NCR Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 67. Retail Computer Solutions Ltd Revenue Growth Rate in Retail Back-office Software Business (2017-2022)
Figure 68. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 69. Data Triangulation
Figure 70. Key Executives Interviewed