Global and United States Payment as a Service Market Size, Status and Forecast 2021-2027
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Payment as a Service Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Merchant Financing
1.2.3 Security and Fraud Protection
1.2.4 Payment Applications and Gateways
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Retail and E-commerce
1.3.4 Media and Entertainment
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Payment as a Service Market Perspective (2016-2027)
2.2 Payment as a Service Growth Trends by Regions
2.2.1 Payment as a Service Market Size by Regions: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
2.2.2 Payment as a Service Historic Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
2.2.3 Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2022-2027)
2.3 Payment as a Service Industry Dynamic
2.3.1 Payment as a Service Market Trends
2.3.2 Payment as a Service Market Drivers
2.3.3 Payment as a Service Market Challenges
2.3.4 Payment as a Service Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Payment as a Service Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Payment as a Service Players by Revenue (2016-2021)
3.1.2 Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Players (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Payment as a Service Revenue
3.4 Global Payment as a Service Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Payment as a Service Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Payment as a Service Revenue in 2020
3.5 Payment as a Service Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Payment as a Service Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Payment as a Service Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Payment as a Service Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Payment as a Service Historic Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
5 Payment as a Service Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Payment as a Service Historic Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
6 North America
6.1 North America Payment as a Service Market Size (2016-2027)
6.2 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type
6.2.1 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
6.2.2 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
6.2.3 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
6.3 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application
6.3.1 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
6.3.2 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
6.3.3 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
6.4 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country
6.4.1 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
6.4.2 North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
6.4.3 United States
6.4.4 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size (2016-2027)
7.2 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type
7.2.1 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
7.2.2 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
7.2.3 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
7.3 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application
7.3.1 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
7.3.3 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
7.4 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Country
7.4.1 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
7.4.2 Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
7.4.3 Germany
7.4.4 France
7.4.5 U.K.
7.4.6 Italy
7.4.7 Russia
7.4.8 Nordic
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size (2016-2027)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type
8.2.1 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
8.2.2 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
8.2.3 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
8.3.3 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Region
8.4.1 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Region (2016-2021)
8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Region (2022-2027)
8.4.3 China
8.4.4 Japan
8.4.5 South Korea
8.4.6 Southeast Asia
8.4.7 India
8.4.8 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size (2016-2027)
9.2 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type
9.2.1 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
9.2.2 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
9.2.3 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
9.3 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application
9.3.1 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
9.3.3 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
9.4 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country
9.4.1 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
9.4.2 Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
9.4.3 Mexico
9.4.4 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size (2016-2027)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type
10.2.1 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021)
10.2.2 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027)
10.2.3 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2027)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021)
10.3.2 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027)
10.3.3 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2027)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Country
10.4.1 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021)
10.4.2 Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027)
10.4.3 Turkey
10.4.4 Saudi Arabia
10.4.5 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 FIS
11.1.1 FIS Company Details
11.1.2 FIS Business Overview
11.1.3 FIS Payment as a Service Introduction
11.1.4 FIS Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.1.5 FIS Recent Development
11.2 Thales Group
11.2.1 Thales Group Company Details
11.2.2 Thales Group Business Overview
11.2.3 Thales Group Payment as a Service Introduction
11.2.4 Thales Group Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.2.5 Thales Group Recent Development
11.3 Ingenico Group
11.3.1 Ingenico Group Company Details
11.3.2 Ingenico Group Business Overview
11.3.3 Ingenico Group Payment as a Service Introduction
11.3.4 Ingenico Group Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.3.5 Ingenico Group Recent Development
11.4 Agilysys, Inc
11.4.1 Agilysys, Inc Company Details
11.4.2 Agilysys, Inc Business Overview
11.4.3 Agilysys, Inc Payment as a Service Introduction
11.4.4 Agilysys, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.4.5 Agilysys, Inc Recent Development
11.5 Total System Services, Inc
11.5.1 Total System Services, Inc Company Details
11.5.2 Total System Services, Inc Business Overview
11.5.3 Total System Services, Inc Payment as a Service Introduction
11.5.4 Total System Services, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.5.5 Total System Services, Inc Recent Development
11.6 Mastercard
11.6.1 Mastercard Company Details
11.6.2 Mastercard Business Overview
11.6.3 Mastercard Payment as a Service Introduction
11.6.4 Mastercard Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.6.5 Mastercard Recent Development
11.7 PayPal Holdings, Inc
11.7.1 PayPal Holdings, Inc Company Details
11.7.2 PayPal Holdings, Inc Business Overview
11.7.3 PayPal Holdings, Inc Payment as a Service Introduction
11.7.4 PayPal Holdings, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.7.5 PayPal Holdings, Inc Recent Development
11.8 Verifone
11.8.1 Verifone Company Details
11.8.2 Verifone Business Overview
11.8.3 Verifone Payment as a Service Introduction
11.8.4 Verifone Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.8.5 Verifone Recent Development
11.9 Pineapple Payments
11.9.1 Pineapple Payments Company Details
11.9.2 Pineapple Payments Business Overview
11.9.3 Pineapple Payments Payment as a Service Introduction
11.9.4 Pineapple Payments Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
11.9.5 Pineapple Payments Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Disclaimer
13.3 Author Details
List of TablesTable 1. Global Payment as a Service Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million):2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 2. Key Players of Merchant Financing
Table 3. Key Players of Security and Fraud Protection
Table 4. Key Players of Payment Applications and Gateways
Table 5. Key Players of Others
Table 6. Global Payment as a Service Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 7. Global Payment as a Service Market Size by Regions (US$ Million): 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 8. Global Payment as a Service Market Size by Regions (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
Table 10. Global Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Regions (2022-2027)
Table 12. Payment as a Service Market Trends
Table 13. Payment as a Service Market Drivers
Table 14. Payment as a Service Market Challenges
Table 15. Payment as a Service Market Restraints
Table 16. Global Payment as a Service Revenue by Players (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Players (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Top Payment as a Service Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Payment as a Service as of 2020)
Table 19. Ranking of Global Top Payment as a Service Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2020
Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Payment as a Service Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2016-2021)
Table 21. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 22. Key Players Payment as a Service Product Solution and Service
Table 23. Date of Enter into Payment as a Service Market
Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 25. Global Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 27. Global Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Type (2022-2027) (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Global Payment as a Service Market Size Share by Application (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Payment as a Service Forecasted Market Size by Application (2022-2027) (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 34. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 36. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. North America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 40. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 42. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 48. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 52. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 53. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 54. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 58. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Table 60. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 61. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 62. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size by Country (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 63. FIS Company Details
Table 64. FIS Business Overview
Table 65. FIS Payment as a Service Product
Table 66. FIS Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. FIS Recent Development
Table 68. Thales Group Company Details
Table 69. Thales Group Business Overview
Table 70. Thales Group Payment as a Service Product
Table 71. Thales Group Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Thales Group Recent Development
Table 73. Ingenico Group Company Details
Table 74. Ingenico Group Business Overview
Table 75. Ingenico Group Payment as a Service Product
Table 76. Ingenico Group Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Ingenico Group Recent Development
Table 78. Agilysys, Inc Company Details
Table 79. Agilysys, Inc Business Overview
Table 80. Agilysys, Inc Payment as a Service Product
Table 81. Agilysys, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Agilysys, Inc Recent Development
Table 83. Total System Services, Inc Company Details
Table 84. Total System Services, Inc Business Overview
Table 85. Total System Services, Inc Payment as a Service Product
Table 86. Total System Services, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Total System Services, Inc Recent Development
Table 88. Mastercard Company Details
Table 89. Mastercard Business Overview
Table 90. Mastercard Payment as a Service Product
Table 91. Mastercard Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Mastercard Recent Development
Table 93. PayPal Holdings, Inc Company Details
Table 94. PayPal Holdings, Inc Business Overview
Table 95. PayPal Holdings, Inc Payment as a Service Product
Table 96. PayPal Holdings, Inc Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. PayPal Holdings, Inc Recent Development
Table 98. Verifone Company Details
Table 99. Verifone Business Overview
Table 100. Verifone Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 101. Verifone Recent Development
Table 102. Pineapple Payments Company Details
Table 103. Pineapple Payments Business Overview
Table 104. Pineapple Payments Payment as a Service Product
Table 105. Pineapple Payments Revenue in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. Pineapple Payments Recent Development
Table 107. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 108. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 109. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 2. Merchant Financing Features
Figure 3. Security and Fraud Protection Features
Figure 4. Payment Applications and Gateways Features
Figure 5. Others Features
Figure 6. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 7. Hospital Case Studies
Figure 8. Retail and E-commerce Case Studies
Figure 9. Media and Entertainment Case Studies
Figure 10. Others Case Studies
Figure 11. Payment as a Service Report Years Considered
Figure 12. Global Payment as a Service Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2016-2027
Figure 13. Global Payment as a Service Market Size (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 14. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Regions: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 15. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Regions (2022-2027)
Figure 16. Global Payment as a Service Market Share by Players in 2020
Figure 17. Global Top Payment as a Service Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Payment as a Service as of 2020
Figure 18. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Payment as a Service Revenue in 2020
Figure 19. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global Payment as a Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 21. North America Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. North America Payment as a Service Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
Figure 23. North America Payment as a Service Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
Figure 24. North America Payment as a Service Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
Figure 25. United States Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Canada Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Europe Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Europe Payment as a Service Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
Figure 29. Europe Payment as a Service Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
Figure 30. Europe Payment as a Service Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
Figure 31. Germany Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. France Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. U.K. Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Italy Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Russia Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Nordic Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
Figure 39. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
Figure 40. Asia-Pacific Payment as a Service Market Share by Region (2016-2027)
Figure 41. China Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Japan Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. South Korea Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Southeast Asia Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. India Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Australia Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
Figure 49. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
Figure 50. Latin America Payment as a Service Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
Figure 51. Mexico Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Brazil Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Share by Type (2016-2027)
Figure 55. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
Figure 56. Middle East & Africa Payment as a Service Market Share by Country (2016-2027)
Figure 57. Turkey Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 58. Saudi Arabia Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 59. UAE Payment as a Service Market Size YoY Growth (2016-2027) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. FIS Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 61. Thales Group Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 62. Ingenico Group Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 63. Agilysys, Inc Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 64. Total System Services, Inc Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 65. Mastercard Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 66. PayPal Holdings, Inc Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 67. Verifone Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 68. Pineapple Payments Revenue Growth Rate in Payment as a Service Business (2016-2021)
Figure 69. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 70. Data Triangulation
Figure 71. Key Executives Interviewed