Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Waterborne Wood Coatings
1.1 Definition of Waterborne Wood Coatings
1.2 Waterborne Wood Coatings Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Solvent-Borne Furniture Wood Coatings
1.2.3 Waterborne Furniture Wood Coatings
1.2.4 Radiation-Cured Furniture Wood Coatings
1.2.5 Powder Furniture Wood Coatings
1.3 Waterborne Wood Coatings Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Industrial
1.3.3 Manufacture
1.3.4 Domestic
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Waterborne Wood Coatings
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Waterborne Wood Coatings
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Waterborne Wood Coatings Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Analysis
4.3 Waterborne Wood Coatings Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Waterborne Wood Coatings Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Waterborne Wood Coatings Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue by Regions
5.2 Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.3.2 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
5.4 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.4.2 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
5.5 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.5.2 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
5.6 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.6.2 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
5.8 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Production
5.8.2 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Import and Export
6 Waterborne Wood Coatings Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production by Type
6.2 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue by Type
6.3 Waterborne Wood Coatings Price by Type
7 Waterborne Wood Coatings Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Waterborne Wood Coatings Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Akzo Nobel
8.1.1 Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Akzo Nobel Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Axalta Coating Systems
8.2.1 Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Axalta Coating Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 PPG Industries
8.3.1 PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 PPG Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 The Sherwin-Williams
8.4.1 The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 The Sherwin-Williams Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 The Dow Chemical
8.5.1 The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 The Dow Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Benjamin Moore
8.6.1 Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Benjamin Moore Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Diamond Vogel
8.7.1 Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Diamond Vogel Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Drywood Coatings
8.8.1 Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Drywood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Helios
8.9.1 Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Helios Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 IVM Chemicals
8.10.1 IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 IVM Chemicals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Rust-Oleum
8.12 Royal DSM
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings Market
9.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Waterborne Wood Coatings Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Waterborne Wood Coatings Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Waterborne Wood Coatings Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Waterborne Wood Coatings
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Solvent-Borne Furniture Wood Coatings Product Picture
Figure Waterborne Furniture Wood Coatings Product Picture
Figure Radiation-Cured Furniture Wood Coatings Product Picture
Figure Powder Furniture Wood Coatings Product Picture
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Industrial
Figure Manufacture
Figure Domestic
Figure Others
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Waterborne Wood Coatings
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Waterborne Wood Coatings
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Waterborne Wood Coatings Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Waterborne Wood Coatings Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Akzo Nobel Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Axalta Coating Systems Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table PPG Industries Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table The Sherwin-Williams Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table The Dow Chemical Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Benjamin Moore Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Diamond Vogel Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Drywood Coatings Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Helios Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table IVM Chemicals Waterborne Wood Coatings Main Business and Markets Served
Table Rust-Oleum Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Table Royal DSM Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Waterborne Wood Coatings Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure North America Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Waterborne Wood Coatings Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Waterborne Wood Coatings Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Waterborne Wood Coatings by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Waterborne Wood Coatings by Application (2019-2025)
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Distributors List
Table Waterborne Wood Coatings Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources