Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Water-based Complex Adhesives
1.1 Definition of Water-based Complex Adhesives
1.2 Water-based Complex Adhesives Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Acrylic Polymer Emulsion (PAE)
1.2.3 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Emulsion
1.2.4 Vinyl Acetate Ethylene (VAE) Emulsion
1.2.5 Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex
1.2.6 Polyurethane Dispersion (PUD)
1.2.7 Others
1.3 Water-based Complex Adhesives Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Tapes & Labels
1.3.3 Paper & Packaging
1.3.4 Building & Construction
1.3.5 Woodworking
1.3.6 Automotive & Transportation
1.3.7 Others
1.4 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Water-based Complex Adhesives
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Water-based Complex Adhesives
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Water-based Complex Adhesives Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Analysis
4.3 Water-based Complex Adhesives Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Water-based Complex Adhesives Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Water-based Complex Adhesives Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue by Regions
5.2 Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.3.2 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
5.4 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.4.2 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
5.5 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.5.2 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
5.6 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.6.2 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
5.8 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Production
5.8.2 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Import and Export
6 Water-based Complex Adhesives Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production by Type
6.2 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue by Type
6.3 Water-based Complex Adhesives Price by Type
7 Water-based Complex Adhesives Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Water-based Complex Adhesives Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Henkel
8.1.1 Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Henkel Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 H.B. Fuller
8.2.1 H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 H.B. Fuller Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Arkema (Bostik)
8.3.1 Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Arkema (Bostik) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Sika
8.4.1 Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Sika Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Dowdupont
8.5.1 Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Dowdupont Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 3M
8.6.1 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 3M Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Illinois Tool Works
8.7.1 Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Illinois Tool Works Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Ashland
8.8.1 Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Ashland Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Mapei
8.9.1 Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Mapei Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Pidilite Industries
8.10.1 Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Pidilite Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Akzo Nobel
8.12 PPG Industries
8.13 Lord Corporation
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives Market
9.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Water-based Complex Adhesives Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Water-based Complex Adhesives Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Water-based Complex Adhesives Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Water-based Complex Adhesives
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Acrylic Polymer Emulsion (PAE) Product Picture
Figure Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Emulsion Product Picture
Figure Vinyl Acetate Ethylene (VAE) Emulsion Product Picture
Figure Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex Product Picture
Figure Polyurethane Dispersion (PUD) Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Tapes & Labels
Figure Paper & Packaging
Figure Building & Construction
Figure Woodworking
Figure Automotive & Transportation
Figure Others
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Water-based Complex Adhesives
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Water-based Complex Adhesives
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Water-based Complex Adhesives Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Water-based Complex Adhesives Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table H.B. Fuller Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Arkema (Bostik) Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Sika Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dowdupont Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table 3M Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Illinois Tool Works Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Ashland Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mapei Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Pidilite Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Main Business and Markets Served
Table Akzo Nobel Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table PPG Industries Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Table Lord Corporation Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Water-based Complex Adhesives Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure North America Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Water-based Complex Adhesives Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Water-based Complex Adhesives Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Water-based Complex Adhesives by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Water-based Complex Adhesives by Application (2019-2025)
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Distributors List
Table Water-based Complex Adhesives Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources