Global (United States, European Union and China) Tractor Tyres Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Tractor Tyres Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Radial Agriculture Tires
1.3.3 Bias (Crossply) Agriculture Tires
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Tractor Tyres Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Corn
1.4.3 Wheat
1.4.4 Rice
1.4.5 Other
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Tractor Tyres Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Tractor Tyres Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Tractor Tyres Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Tractor Tyres Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Tractor Tyres Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Tractor Tyres Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Tractor Tyres Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Tractor Tyres Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Tractor Tyres Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Tractor Tyres Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Tractor Tyres Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Radial Agriculture Tires Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Bias (Crossply) Agriculture Tires Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Tractor Tyres Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Tractor Tyres Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Tractor Tyres Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Tractor Tyres Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Tractor Tyres Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Tractor Tyres Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Tractor Tyres Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Michelin
8.1.1 Michelin Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.1.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.1.5 Michelin Recent Development
8.2 Bridgestone
8.2.1 Bridgestone Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.2.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.2.5 Bridgestone Recent Development
8.3 Titan International
8.3.1 Titan International Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.3.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.3.5 Titan International Recent Development
8.4 Pirelli
8.4.1 Pirelli Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.4.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.4.5 Pirelli Recent Development
8.5 Trelleborg
8.5.1 Trelleborg Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.5.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.5.5 Trelleborg Recent Development
8.6 AGT
8.6.1 AGT Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.6.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.6.5 AGT Recent Development
8.7 BKT
8.7.1 BKT Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.7.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.7.5 BKT Recent Development
8.8 Mitas
8.8.1 Mitas Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.8.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.8.5 Mitas Recent Development
8.9 Sumitomo
8.9.1 Sumitomo Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.9.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.9.5 Sumitomo Recent Development
8.10 Nokian
8.10.1 Nokian Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Tractor Tyres
8.10.4 Tractor Tyres Product Introduction
8.10.5 Nokian Recent Development
8.11 Harvest King
8.12 J.K. Tyre
8.13 Carlisle
8.14 Specialty Tires
8.15 Delta
8.16 CEAT
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Tractor Tyres Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Tractor Tyres Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Tractor Tyres Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Tractor Tyres Sales Channels
10.2.2 Tractor Tyres Distributors
10.3 Tractor Tyres Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Tractor Tyres Product Picture
Table Tractor Tyres Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Covered in This Report
Table Global Tractor Tyres Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Radial Agriculture Tires Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Radial Agriculture Tires
Figure Bias (Crossply) Agriculture Tires Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Bias (Crossply) Agriculture Tires
Table Global Tractor Tyres Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Corn Use Case
Figure Wheat Use Case
Figure Rice Use Case
Figure Other Use Case
Figure Tractor Tyres Report Years Considered
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Tractor Tyres Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tractor Tyres Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Tractor Tyres Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Tractor Tyres Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Tractor Tyres Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Tractor Tyres Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Tractor Tyres Market
Table Key Manufacturers Tractor Tyres Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Radial Agriculture Tires Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Bias (Crossply) Agriculture Tires Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Tractor Tyres Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Tractor Tyres Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Tractor Tyres Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Tractor Tyres Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Tractor Tyres Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Tractor Tyres Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tractor Tyres Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tractor Tyres Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Michelin Company Details
Table Michelin Description and Business Overview
Table Michelin Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Michelin Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Michelin Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Michelin Recent Development
Table Bridgestone Company Details
Table Bridgestone Description and Business Overview
Table Bridgestone Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bridgestone Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bridgestone Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Bridgestone Recent Development
Table Titan International Company Details
Table Titan International Description and Business Overview
Table Titan International Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Titan International Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Titan International Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Titan International Recent Development
Table Pirelli Company Details
Table Pirelli Description and Business Overview
Table Pirelli Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pirelli Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pirelli Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Pirelli Recent Development
Table Trelleborg Company Details
Table Trelleborg Description and Business Overview
Table Trelleborg Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Trelleborg Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Trelleborg Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Trelleborg Recent Development
Table AGT Company Details
Table AGT Description and Business Overview
Table AGT Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AGT Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AGT Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table AGT Recent Development
Table BKT Company Details
Table BKT Description and Business Overview
Table BKT Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BKT Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BKT Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table BKT Recent Development
Table Mitas Company Details
Table Mitas Description and Business Overview
Table Mitas Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mitas Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mitas Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Mitas Recent Development
Table Sumitomo Company Details
Table Sumitomo Description and Business Overview
Table Sumitomo Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Sumitomo Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Sumitomo Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Sumitomo Recent Development
Table Nokian Company Details
Table Nokian Description and Business Overview
Table Nokian Tractor Tyres Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Nokian Tractor Tyres Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Nokian Tractor Tyres Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Nokian Recent Development
Table Harvest King Company Details
Table J.K. Tyre Company Details
Table Carlisle Company Details
Table Specialty Tires Company Details
Table Delta Company Details
Table CEAT Company Details
Table Global Tractor Tyres Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Tractor Tyres Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Tractor Tyres Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tractor Tyres Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tractor Tyres Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Tractor Tyres Value Chain
Table Tractor Tyres Distributors List
Table Tractor Tyres Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources