Global Tempered Glass Market Insights, Forecast to 2025
Table of ContentsGlobal Tempered Glass Market Research Report 2019-2025, by Manufacturers, Regions, Types and Applications
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Tempered Glass Product
1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.4.1 Global Tempered Glass Market Size Growth Rate by Type
1.4.2 Colored Glass
1.4.3 Transparent Glass
1.4.4 Opaque Glass
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Tempered Glass Market Size Growth Rate by Application
1.5.2 Residential
1.5.3 Commercial
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Tempered Glass Production
2.1.1 Global Tempered Glass Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Tempered Glass Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Tempered Glass Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Tempered Glass Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Tempered Glass Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.3.2 Key Tempered Glass Manufacturers
2.4 Market Drivers, Trends and Issues
2.5 Macroscopic Indicator
2.5.1 GDP for Major Regions
2.5.2 Price of Raw Materials in Dollars: Evolution
3 Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1 Tempered Glass Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Tempered Glass Production by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2 Tempered Glass Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Tempered Glass Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Tempered Glass Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.3 Tempered Glass Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Tempered Glass Production by Regions
4.1 Global Tempered Glass Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Regions
4.1.2 Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Tempered Glass Production
4.2.2 United States Tempered Glass Revenue
4.2.3 Key Players in United States
4.2.4 United States Tempered Glass Import & Export
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Tempered Glass Production
4.3.2 Europe Tempered Glass Revenue
4.3.3 Key Players in Europe
4.3.4 Europe Tempered Glass Import & Export
4.4 China
4.4.1 China Tempered Glass Production
4.4.2 China Tempered Glass Revenue
4.4.3 Key Players in China
4.4.4 China Tempered Glass Import & Export
4.5 Japan
4.5.1 Japan Tempered Glass Production
4.5.2 Japan Tempered Glass Revenue
4.5.3 Key Players in Japan
4.5.4 Japan Tempered Glass Import & Export
4.6 Other Regions
4.6.1 South Korea
4.6.2 India
4.6.3 Southeast Asia
5 Tempered Glass Consumption by Regions
5.1 Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Regions
5.1.1 Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Regions
5.1.2 Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Regions
5.2 North America
5.2.1 North America Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
5.2.2 North America Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries
5.2.3 United States
5.2.4 Canada
5.2.5 Mexico
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Europe Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
5.3.2 Europe Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries
5.3.3 Germany
5.3.4 France
5.3.5 UK
5.3.6 Italy
5.3.7 Russia
5.4 Asia Pacific
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries
5.4.3 China
5.4.4 Japan
5.4.5 South Korea
5.4.6 India
5.4.7 Australia
5.4.8 Indonesia
5.4.9 Thailand
5.4.10 Malaysia
5.4.11 Philippines
5.4.12 Vietnam
5.5 Central & South America
5.5.1 Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
5.5.2 Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries
5.5.3 Brazil
5.6 Middle East and Africa
5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries
5.6.3 Turkey
5.6.4 GCC Countries
5.6.5 Egypt
5.6.6 South Africa
6 Market Size by Type
6.1 Global Tempered Glass Breakdown Dada by Type
6.2 Global Tempered Glass Revenue by Type
6.3 Tempered Glass Price by Type
7 Market Size by Application
7.1 Overview
7.2 Global Tempered Glass Breakdown Dada by Application
7.2.1 Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Application
7.2.2 Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Manufacturers Profiles
8.1 Asahi Glass
8.1.1 Asahi Glass Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description
8.1.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Tempered Glass
8.1.4 Tempered Glass Product Description
8.1.5 SWOT Analysis
8.2 Koch Industries
8.2.1 Koch Industries Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description
8.2.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Tempered Glass
8.2.4 Tempered Glass Product Description
8.2.5 SWOT Analysis
8.3 Nippon Sheet Glass
8.3.1 Nippon Sheet Glass Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description
8.3.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Tempered Glass
8.3.4 Tempered Glass Product Description
8.3.5 SWOT Analysis
8.4 Vitro
8.4.1 Vitro Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description
8.4.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Tempered Glass
8.4.4 Tempered Glass Product Description
8.4.5 SWOT Analysis
9 Production Forecasts
9.1 Tempered Glass Production and Revenue Forecast
9.1.1 Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Tempered Glass Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.2 Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Regions
9.3 Tempered Glass Key Producers Forecast
9.3.1 United States
9.3.2 Europe
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.4 Forecast by Type
9.4.1 Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Type
9.4.2 Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Type
10 Consumption Forecast
10.1 Consumption Forecast by Application
10.2 Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions
10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast
10.3.1 North America Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.3.2 United States
10.3.3 Canada
10.3.4 Mexico
10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast
10.4.1 Europe Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.4.2 Germany
10.4.3 France
10.4.4 UK
10.4.5 Italy
10.4.6 Russia
10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast
10.5.1 Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.5.2 China
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.4 Korea
10.5.5 India
10.5.6 Australia
10.5.7 Indonesia
10.5.8 Thailand
10.5.9 Malaysia
10.5.10 Philippines
10.5.11 Vietnam
10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast
10.6.1 Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Country 2019-2025
10.6.2 Brazil
10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast
10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.7.2 Middle East and Africa
10.7.3 Turkey
10.7.4 GCC Countries
10.7.5 Egypt
10.7.6 South Africa
11 Upstream, Industry Chain and Downstream Customers Analysis
11.1 Analysis of Tempered Glass Upstream Market
11.1.1 Tempered Glass Key Raw Material
11.1.2 Typical Suppliers of Key Tempered Glass Raw Material
11.1.3 Tempered Glass Raw Material Market Concentration Rate
11.2 Tempered Glass Industry Chain Analysis
11.3 Marketing & Distribution
11.4 Tempered Glass Distributors
11.5 Tempered Glass Customers
12 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
12.1 Market Opportunities
12.2 Market Challenges
12.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
13 Key Findings
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Tempered Glass Product Picture
Table Tempered Glass Key Market Segments in This Study
Table Key Manufacturers Tempered Glass Covered in This Study
Table Global Tempered Glass Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share 2014-2025
Figure Colored Glass Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Colored Glass
Figure Transparent Glass Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Transparent Glass
Figure Opaque Glass Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Opaque Glass
Table Global Tempered Glass Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Residential
Figure Commercial
Figure Tempered Glass Report Years Considered
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production 2014-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Capacity 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Tempered Glass Capacity (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Price 2014-2025 (USD/MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2019-2025(K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Tempered Glass Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Tempered Glass Product Offered
Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Tempered Glass Market
Table Global Tempered Glass Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tempered Glass Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Tempered Glass Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Tempered Glass Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tempered Glass Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Tempered Glass Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Tempered Glass Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Tempered Glass Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Tempered Glass Import & Export
Figure Europe Tempered Glass Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Tempered Glass Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Tempered Glass Import & Export
Figure China Tempered Glass Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Tempered Glass Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Tempered Glass Import & Export
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Tempered Glass Import & Export
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table North America Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 North America Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application
Table North America Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 North America Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Canada Tempered Glass Consumption (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mexico Tempered Glass Consumption (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Europe Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Europe Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Europe Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Europe Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure France Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure UK Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Italy Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Russia Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Australia Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Thailand Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Philippines Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (K MT)
Table Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2017 Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Turkey Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Egypt Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure South Africa Tempered Glass Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Production by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Tempered Glass Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2025) (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Value (Consumption) Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Company Details
Table Asahi Glass Tempered Glass Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Asahi Glass Tempered Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Asahi Glass Tempered Glass Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Asahi Glass Tempered Glass SWOT Analysis
Table Koch Industries Company Details
Table Koch Industries Tempered Glass Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Koch Industries Tempered Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Koch Industries Tempered Glass Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Koch Industries Tempered Glass SWOT Analysis
Table Nippon Sheet Glass Company Details
Table Nippon Sheet Glass Tempered Glass Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Nippon Sheet Glass Tempered Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Nippon Sheet Glass Tempered Glass Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Nippon Sheet Glass Tempered Glass SWOT Analysis
Table Vitro Company Details
Table Vitro Tempered Glass Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Vitro Tempered Glass Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Vitro Tempered Glass Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Vitro Tempered Glass SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Europe Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Tempered Glass Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table North America Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Canada Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure MexicoTempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Europe Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Germany Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure France Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure UK Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Italy Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Russia Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Australia Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Thailand Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Philippines Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Central & South America Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Brazil Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Turkey Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Egypt Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure South Africa Tempered Glass Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Tempered Glass Key Raw Material
Table Typical Suppliers of Key Tempered Glass Raw Material
Figure Tempered Glass Industry Chain
Table Distributors/Traders List
Table Tempered Glass Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources