Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Research Report 2021
Table of Contents1 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Dimethylmalonic Acid
1.2 Dimethylmalonic Acid Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Industry-Grade Dimethylmalonic Acid
1.2.3 Pharmaceutical-Grade Dimethylmalonic Acid
1.3 Dimethylmalonic Acid Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Industrial
1.3.3 Medicial
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.3 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Dimethylmalonic Acid Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Dimethylmalonic Acid Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production Capacity of Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production
3.4.1 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production
3.5.1 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production
3.6.1 China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production
3.7.1 Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
4 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Price by Type (2016-2021)
6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 BASF Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
7.1.2 BASF Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Portfolio
7.1.3 BASF Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 BASF Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 BASF Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 DowDuPont
7.2.1 DowDuPont Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
7.2.2 DowDuPont Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Portfolio
7.2.3 DowDuPont Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 DowDuPont Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 DowDuPont Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Honeywell
7.3.1 Honeywell Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
7.3.2 Honeywell Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Honeywell Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Honeywell Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Honeywell Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 2A PharmaChem
7.4.1 2A PharmaChem Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
7.4.2 2A PharmaChem Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Portfolio
7.4.3 2A PharmaChem Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 2A PharmaChem Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 2A PharmaChem Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 3B Scientific Corporation
7.5.1 3B Scientific Corporation Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
7.5.2 3B Scientific Corporation Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Portfolio
7.5.3 3B Scientific Corporation Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 3B Scientific Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 3B Scientific Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
8 Dimethylmalonic Acid Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Dimethylmalonic Acid Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dimethylmalonic Acid
8.4 Dimethylmalonic Acid Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Dimethylmalonic Acid Distributors List
9.3 Dimethylmalonic Acid Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Dimethylmalonic Acid Industry Trends
10.2 Dimethylmalonic Acid Growth Drivers
10.3 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Challenges
10.4 Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Dimethylmalonic Acid
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Size by Type (K MT) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Dimethylmalonic Acid as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Dimethylmalonic Acid Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 24. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 26. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 28. Latin America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 29. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Table 35. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. BASF Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
Table 38. BASF Specification and Application
Table 39. BASF Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. DowDuPont Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
Table 43. DowDuPont Specification and Application
Table 44. DowDuPont Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. DowDuPont Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. DowDuPont Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Honeywell Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
Table 48. Honeywell Specification and Application
Table 49. Honeywell Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Honeywell Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Honeywell Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. 2A PharmaChem Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
Table 53. 2A PharmaChem Specification and Application
Table 54. 2A PharmaChem Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. 2A PharmaChem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. 2A PharmaChem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. 3B Scientific Corporation Dimethylmalonic Acid Corporation Information
Table 58. 3B Scientific Corporation Specification and Application
Table 59. 3B Scientific Corporation Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. 3B Scientific Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. 3B Scientific Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 63. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 64. Dimethylmalonic Acid Distributors List
Table 65. Dimethylmalonic Acid Customers List
Table 66. Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Trends
Table 67. Dimethylmalonic Acid Growth Drivers
Table 68. Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Challenges
Table 69. Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Restraints
Table 70. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 71. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
Table 72. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
Table 73. Asia Pacific Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K MT)
Table 74. Latin America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
Table 75. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K MT)
Table 76. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/MT)
Table 78. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption (K MT) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 79. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 80. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 81. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Product Picture of Dimethylmalonic Acid
Figure 2. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. Industry-Grade Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Picture
Figure 4. Pharmaceutical-Grade Dimethylmalonic Acid Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Industrial
Figure 7. Medicial
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 10. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 11. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) & (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) & (2016-2027)
Figure 13. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 15. China Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 18. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Dimethylmalonic Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 20. Global Market Dimethylmalonic Acid Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue in 2020
Figure 22. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 23. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 24. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 29. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 30. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 31. Canada Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 32. U.S. Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 33. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 34. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 35. Germany America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 36. France Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 37. U.K. Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 38. Italy Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 39. Russia Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 42. China Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 43. Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 44. South Korea Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 45. Taiwan Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 47. India Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 48. Australia Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 49. Latin America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 50. Latin America Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 51. Mexico Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 52. Brazil Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
Figure 53. Production Market Share of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type in 2020
Figure 55. Revenue Share of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Dimethylmalonic Acid by Type in 2020
Figure 57. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 58. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 59. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 60. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Dimethylmalonic Acid
Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dimethylmalonic Acid
Figure 63. Dimethylmalonic Acid Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 67. North America Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 68. Europe Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. China Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Japan Dimethylmalonic Acid Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Dimethylmalonic Acid (2015-2027) & (K MT)
Figure 72. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 73. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Global Dimethylmalonic Acid Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 76. Data Triangulation