Global Automotive Axle Parts Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Automotive Axle Parts
1.1 Definition of Automotive Axle Parts
1.2 Automotive Axle Parts Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Full-Floating Axle Parts
1.2.3 Semi-Floating Axle Parts
1.3 Automotive Axle Parts Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Passenger Cars
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicles
1.4 Global Automotive Axle Parts Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Axle Parts Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Automotive Axle Parts Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Axle Parts
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Automotive Axle Parts Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Automotive Axle Parts
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Automotive Axle Parts Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Analysis
4.3 Automotive Axle Parts Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Automotive Axle Parts Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Automotive Axle Parts Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue by Regions
5.2 Automotive Axle Parts Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.3.2 North America Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
5.4 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.4.2 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
5.5 China Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.5.2 China Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
5.6 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.6.2 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
5.8 India Automotive Axle Parts Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Automotive Axle Parts Production
5.8.2 India Automotive Axle Parts Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Automotive Axle Parts Import and Export
6 Automotive Axle Parts Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Production by Type
6.2 Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue by Type
6.3 Automotive Axle Parts Price by Type
7 Automotive Axle Parts Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Automotive Axle Parts Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 SKF (Sweden)
8.1.1 SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 SKF (Sweden) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 thyssenkrupp (Germany)
8.2.1 thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 thyssenkrupp (Germany) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Magneti Marelli (Italy)
8.3.1 Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Magneti Marelli (Italy) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 NSK (Japan)
8.4.1 NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 NSK (Japan) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Hitachi (Japan)
8.5.1 Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Hitachi (Japan) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Dana (USA)
8.6.1 Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Dana (USA) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 NOK (Japan)
8.7.1 NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 NOK (Japan) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 CIE Automotive (Spain)
8.8.1 CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 CIE Automotive (Spain) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan)
8.9.1 Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Aichi Steel (Japan)
8.10.1 Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Aichi Steel (Japan) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Tower International (USA)
8.12 Bharat Forge (India)
8.13 Hirschvogel Automotive Group (Germany)
8.14 Sona Group (India)
8.15 Univance (Japan)
8.16 erae Automotive Systems (Korea)
8.17 Ichitan (Japan)
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts Market
9.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Automotive Axle Parts Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Automotive Axle Parts Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Automotive Axle Parts Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Automotive Axle Parts Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Automotive Axle Parts Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Automotive Axle Parts
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Full-Floating Axle Parts Product Picture
Figure Semi-Floating Axle Parts Product Picture
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Passenger Cars
Figure Commercial Vehicles
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Automotive Axle Parts Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Automotive Axle Parts Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Axle Parts
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Axle Parts
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Automotive Axle Parts Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Automotive Axle Parts Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automotive Axle Parts Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automotive Axle Parts Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Automotive Axle Parts Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Axle Parts Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Automotive Axle Parts Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Automotive Axle Parts Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Automotive Axle Parts Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table SKF (Sweden) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Magneti Marelli (Italy) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table NSK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Hitachi (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dana (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table NOK (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CIE Automotive (Spain) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Toyo Tire & Rubber (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Aichi Steel (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Main Business and Markets Served
Table Tower International (USA) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bharat Forge (India) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hirschvogel Automotive Group (Germany) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sona Group (India) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Univance (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table erae Automotive Systems (Korea) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ichitan (Japan) Automotive Axle Parts Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Automotive Axle Parts Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Automotive Axle Parts Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Axle Parts Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Automotive Axle Parts by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Automotive Axle Parts by Application (2019-2025)
Table Automotive Axle Parts Distributors List
Table Automotive Axle Parts Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources