2020 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Outlook
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Digital Video Recorders Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Digital Video Recorders
1.2 Digital Video Recorders Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Embedded DVRs
1.2.3 Hybrid DVRs
1.2.4 PC-based DVRs
1.3 Digital Video Recorders Segment by Application
1.3.1 Digital Video Recorders Consumption Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
1.3.2 BFSI Sector
1.3.3 Government and Public Sector
1.3.4 Industrial Sector
1.3.5 Retail Sector
1.3.6 Transport and LogisticsSector
1.3.7 Others
1.4 Global Digital Video Recorders Market by Region
1.4.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Size Region
1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.5 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Size
1.5.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (2014-2025)
1.5.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Production (2014-2025)
2 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Digital Video Recorders Average Price by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
2.4 Manufacturers Digital Video Recorders Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.5 Digital Video Recorders Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Digital Video Recorders Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Digital Video Recorders Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Regions
3.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Regions
3.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
3.3 Global Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.4 North America Digital Video Recorders Production
3.4.1 North America Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.4.2 North America Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.5 Europe Digital Video Recorders Production
3.5.1 Europe Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.5.2 Europe Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.6 China Digital Video Recorders Production
3.6.1 China Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.6.2 China Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
3.7 Japan Digital Video Recorders Production
3.7.1 Japan Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
3.7.2 Japan Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption by Regions
4.2 North America Digital Video Recorders Consumption (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Digital Video Recorders Consumption (2014-2019)
4.4 China Digital Video Recorders Consumption (2014-2019)
4.5 Japan Digital Video Recorders Consumption (2014-2019)
5 Global Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
5.3 Global Digital Video Recorders Price by Type (2014-2019)
5.4 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Growth by Type (2014-2019)
6 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Analysis by Applications
6.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
6.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Digital Video Recorders Business
7.1 Cisco
7.1.1 Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 DirectTV
7.2.1 DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 LG
7.3.1 LG Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 LG Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Panasonic
7.4.1 Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Samsung
7.5.1 Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 Tivo
7.6.1 Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Alcatel-Lucent
7.7.1 Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Comcast
7.8.1 Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 Dish Network
7.9.1 Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.10 Echostar
7.10.1 Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
7.10.2 Digital Video Recorders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.10.3 Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
7.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.11 Funai
7.12 Honeywell
7.13 Kabel Deutschland
7.14 Koninklijke Philips
7.15 Nuvyyo
7.16 Sony
7.17 Time Warner Cable
7.18 Bosch
7.19 Intersil
7.20 FLIR
7.21 American Dynamics
7.22 Vivitar
7.23 Dahua Technology
7.24 Defender
8 Digital Video Recorders Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Digital Video Recorders Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Digital Video Recorders
8.4 Digital Video Recorders Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.1.1 Direct Marketing
9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
9.2 Digital Video Recorders Distributors List
9.3 Digital Video Recorders Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities
10.3 Market Drivers
10.4 Challenges
10.5 Influence Factors
11 Global Digital Video Recorders Market Forecast
11.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue Forecast
11.1.1 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
11.1.3 Global Digital Video Recorders Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2 Global Digital Video Recorders Production Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.2.1 North America Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.2 Europe Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.3 China Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.2.4 Japan Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
11.3.1 North America Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.2 Europe Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.3 China Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.3.4 Japan Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast (2019-2025)
11.4 Global Digital Video Recorders Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
11.5 Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Digital Video Recorders
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Embedded DVRs Product Picture
Table Embedded DVRs Major Manufacturers
Figure Hybrid DVRs Product Picture
Table Hybrid DVRs Major Manufacturers
Figure PC-based DVRs Product Picture
Table PC-based DVRs Major Manufacturers
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure BFSI Sector
Figure Government and Public Sector
Figure Industrial Sector
Figure Retail Sector
Figure Transport and LogisticsSector
Figure Others
Table Digital Video Recorders Market Size (Million US$) Comparison by Regions (2014-2025)
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Digital Video Recorders Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Market Digital Video Recorders Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Market Digital Video Recorders Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Table Manufacturers Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Manufacturers Digital Video Recorders Product Types
Figure Digital Video Recorders Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Figure Digital Video Recorders Market Share of Top 10 Manufacturers
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table China Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Region in 2018
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Digital Video Recorders by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Production Market Share of Digital Video Recorders by Type in 2018
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Share of Digital Video Recorders by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Digital Video Recorders by Type in 2018
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production Growth by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Applications (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019)
Table Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Cisco Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Cisco Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Cisco Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Cisco Main Business and Markets Served
Table DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table DirectTV Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure DirectTV Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table DirectTV Main Business and Markets Served
Table LG Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table LG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table LG Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure LG Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure LG Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure LG Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table LG Main Business and Markets Served
Table Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Panasonic Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Panasonic Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Main Business and Markets Served
Table Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Samsung Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Samsung Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Samsung Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Samsung Main Business and Markets Served
Table Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Tivo Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Tivo Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Tivo Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Tivo Main Business and Markets Served
Table Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Alcatel-Lucent Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Alcatel-Lucent Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Alcatel-Lucent Main Business and Markets Served
Table Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Comcast Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Comcast Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Comcast Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Comcast Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dish Network Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dish Network Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dish Network Main Business and Markets Served
Table Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production Sites and Area Served
Table Echostar Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Echostar Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Echostar Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Echostar Main Business and Markets Served
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Digital Video Recorders
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Digital Video Recorders
Figure Digital Video Recorders Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Digital Video Recorders Distributors List
Table Digital Video Recorders Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2019-2025)
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Digital Video Recorders Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources