2013-2028 Report on Global Vanilla Market by Player, Region, Type, Application and Sales Channel

Publisher Name :
Date: 01-Feb-2020
No. of pages: 121

The global Vanilla market was valued at $XX million in 2018, and MAResearch analysts predict the global market size will reach $XX million by the end of 2028, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2028.

This report provides detailed historical analysis of global market for Vanilla from 2013-2018, and provides extensive market forecasts from 2019-2028 by region/country and subsectors. It covers the sales volume, price, revenue, gross margin, historical growth and future perspectives in the Vanilla market.

Leading players of Vanilla including:

Lochhead Manufacturing Co

Spice Jungle

Vanilla Queen

David Michael & Co

Heilala Vanilla

Venui Vanilla

Nielsen-Massey

Blue Cattle Truck

Sonoma Syrup Company

Hawaiian Vanilla Company

Frontier

Singing Dog

Market split by Type, can be divided into:

Extract

Powder

Paste

Market split by Application, can be divided into:

Retail

Food service

Cosmetic

Pharma

Other

Market split by Sales Channel, can be divided into:

Direct Channel

Distribution Channel

Market segment by Region/Country including:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain etc.)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and Southeast Asia etc.)

South America Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Chile etc.)

Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia etc.)

If you have any special requirement, please let us know and we can provide you the report as your requirement.

2013-2028 Report on Global Vanilla Market by Player, Region, Type, Application and Sales Channel

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Vanilla Market Overview
1.1 Vanilla Definition
1.2 Global Vanilla Market Size Status and Outlook (2013-2028)
1.3 Global Vanilla Market Size Comparison by Region (2013-2028)
1.4 Global Vanilla Market Size Comparison by Type (2013-2028)
1.5 Global Vanilla Market Size Comparison by Application (2013-2028)
1.6 Global Vanilla Market Size Comparison by Sales Channel (2013-2028)
1.7 Vanilla Market Dynamics
1.7.1 Market Drivers/Opportunities
1.7.2 Market Challenges/Risks
1.7.3 Market News (Mergers/Acquisitions/ Expansion)

Chapter 2 Vanilla Market Segment Analysis by Player
2.1 Global Vanilla Sales and Market Share by Player (2016-2018)
2.2 Global Vanilla Revenue and Market Share by Player (2016-2018)
2.3 Global Vanilla Average Price by Player (2016-2018)
2.4 Players Competition Situation & Trends
2.5 Conclusion of Segment by Player

Chapter 3 Vanilla Market Segment Analysis by Type
3.1 Global Vanilla Market by Type
3.1.1 Extract
3.1.2 Powder
3.1.3 Paste
3.2 Global Vanilla Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
3.3 Global Vanilla Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
3.4 Global Vanilla Average Price by Type (2013-2018)
3.5 Leading Players of Vanilla by Type in 2018
3.6 Conclusion of Segment by Type

Chapter 4 Vanilla Market Segment Analysis by Application
4.1 Global Vanilla Market by Application
4.1.1 Retail
4.1.2 Food service
4.1.3 Cosmetic
4.1.4 Pharma
4.1.5 Other
4.2 Global Vanilla Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
4.3 Leading Consumers of Vanilla by Application in 2018
4.4 Conclusion of Segment by Application

Chapter 5 Vanilla Market Segment Analysis by Sales Channel
5.1 Global Vanilla Market by Sales Channel
5.1.1 Direct Channel
5.1.2 Distribution Channel
5.2 Global Vanilla Sales and Market Share by Sales Channel (2013-2018)
5.3 Leading Distributors/Dealers of Vanilla by Sales Channel in 2018
5.4 Conclusion of Segment by Sales Channel

Chapter 6 Vanilla Market Segment Analysis by Region
6.1 Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR by Region (2013-2028)
6.2 Global Vanilla Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
6.3 Global Vanilla Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
6.4 North America
6.4.1 North America Market by Country
6.4.2 North America Vanilla Market Share by Type
6.4.3 North America Vanilla Market Share by Application
6.4.4 United States
6.4.5 Canada
6.4.6 Mexico
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 Europe Market by Country
6.5.2 Europe Vanilla Market Share by Type
6.5.3 Europe Vanilla Market Share by Application
6.5.4 Germany
6.5.5 UK
6.5.6 France
6.5.7 Italy
6.5.8 Russia
6.5.9 Spain
6.6 Asia-Pacific
6.6.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Country
6.6.2 Asia-Pacific Vanilla Market Share by Type
6.6.3 Asia-Pacific Vanilla Market Share by Application
6.6.4 China
6.6.5 Japan
6.6.6 Korea
6.6.7 India
6.6.8 Southeast Asia
6.6.9 Australia
6.7 South America
6.7.1 South America Market by Country
6.7.2 South America Vanilla Market Share by Type
6.7.3 South America Vanilla Market Share by Application
6.7.4 Brazil
6.7.5 Argentina
6.7.6 Colombia
6.7.7 Chile
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Country
6.8.2 Middle East & Africa Vanilla Market Share by Type
6.8.3 Middle East & Africa Vanilla Market Share by Application
6.8.4 Egypt
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia
6.8.6 South Africa
6.8.7 Nigeria
6.9 Conclusion of Segment by Region

Chapter 7 Profile of Leading Vanilla Players
7.1 Lochhead Manufacturing Co
7.1.1 Company Snapshot
7.1.2 Product/Business Offered
7.1.3 Business Performance (Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share)
7.1.4 Strategy and SWOT Analysis
7.2 Spice Jungle
7.3 Vanilla Queen
7.4 David Michael & Co
7.5 Heilala Vanilla
7.6 Venui Vanilla
7.7 Nielsen-Massey
7.8 Blue Cattle Truck
7.9 Sonoma Syrup Company
7.10 Hawaiian Vanilla Company
7.11 Frontier
7.12 Singing Dog

Chapter 8 Upstream and Downstream Analysis of Vanilla
8.1 Industrial Chain of Vanilla
8.2 Upstream of Vanilla
8.2.1 Raw Materials
8.2.2 Labor Cost
8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
8.2.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.2.5 Manufacturing Process
8.3 Downstream of Vanilla
8.3.1 Leading Distributors/Dealers of Vanilla
8.3.2 Leading Consumers of Vanilla

Chapter 9 Development Trend of Vanilla (2019-2028)
9.1 Global Vanilla Market Size (Sales and Revenue) Forecast (2019-2028)
9.2 Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2019-2028)
9.3 Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2019-2028)
9.4 Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2019-2028)
9.5 Global Vanilla Market Size Forecast by Sales Channel (2019-2028)

Chapter 10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.2 Data Sources
10.3 Disclaimer
10.4 Analysts Certification


List of Tables and Figures

Figure Vanilla Example
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue (Million $) Status and Outlook (2013-2028)
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue (Million $) Comparison by Region (2013-2028)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Comparison by Type (2013-2028)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Comparison by Application (2013-2028)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Comparison by Sales Channel (2013-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Sales by Player (2016-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Player (2016-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Player in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Revenue (Million $) by Player (2016-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Player (2016-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Player in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Average Price by Player (2016-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Average Price by Player in 2018
Figure Global Vanilla Players Competition Situation - Top 5 Players' Revenue Market Share in 2016
Figure Global Vanilla Players Competition Trends - Top 5 Players' Revenue Market Share in 2018
Figure Example of Extract
Figure Global Extract Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Powder
Figure Global Powder Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Paste
Figure Global Paste Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Revenue (Million $) by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Average Price by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Average Price by Type in 2018
Table Leading Players of Vanilla by Type in 2018
Figure Example of Retail
Figure Global Vanilla for Retail Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Food service
Figure Global Vanilla for Food service Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Cosmetic
Figure Global Vanilla for Cosmetic Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Pharma
Figure Global Vanilla for Pharma Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Other
Figure Global Vanilla for Other Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales by Application (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Table Leading Consumers of Vanilla by Application in 2018
Figure Example of Direct Channel
Figure Global Vanilla for Direct Channel Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Example of Distribution Channel
Figure Global Vanilla for Distribution Channel Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales by Sales Channel (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Sales Channel (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Sales Channel in 2018
Table Leading Distributors/Dealers of Vanilla by Sales Channel in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR by Region (2013-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Sales by Region (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Sales Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Vanilla Revenue (Million $) by Region (2013-2018)
Table Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018
Table North America Vanilla Sales by Country (2013-2018)
Figure North America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Table North America Vanilla Revenue by Country (2013-2018)
Figure North America Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Figure North America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Figure North America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure United States Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure United States Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Canada Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Canada Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Mexico Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Mexico Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Europe Vanilla Sales by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Europe Vanilla Sales Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Table Europe Vanilla Revenue by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Europe Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Europe Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Figure Europe Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Germany Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Germany Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure UK Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure UK Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure France Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure France Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Italy Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Italy Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Russia Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Russia Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Spain Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Spain Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Asia-Pacific Vanilla Sales by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Asia-Pacific Vanilla Sales Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Table Asia-Pacific Vanilla Revenue by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Asia-Pacific Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Asia-Pacific Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Figure Asia-Pacific Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure China Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure China Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Japan Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Japan Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Korea Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Korea Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure India Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure India Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Southeast Asia Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Southeast Asia Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Australia Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Australia Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table South America Vanilla Sales by Country (2013-2018)
Figure South America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Table South America Vanilla Revenue by Country (2013-2018)
Figure South America Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Figure South America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Figure South America Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Brazil Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Brazil Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Argentina Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Argentina Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Colombia Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Colombia Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Chile Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Chile Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Middle East & Africa Vanilla Sales by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Middle East & Africa Vanilla Sales Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Table Middle East & Africa Vanilla Revenue by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Middle East & Africa Vanilla Revenue Market Share by Country (2013-2018)
Figure Middle East & Africa Vanilla Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Figure Middle East & Africa Vanilla Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Egypt Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Egypt Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Saudi Arabia Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Saudi Arabia Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure South Africa Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure South Africa Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Nigeria Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Nigeria Vanilla Revenue (Million $) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Company Snapshot of Lochhead Manufacturing Co
Table Vanilla Introduction of Lochhead Manufacturing Co
Table Vanilla Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share of Lochhead Manufacturing Co (2016-2018)
Table Industrial Chain of Vanilla
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure of Vanilla
Table General Manufacturing Process of Vanilla
Table Leading Distributors/Dealers of Vanilla
Table Leading Consumers of Vanilla
Figure Global Vanilla Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2028)
Figure Global Vanilla Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Region (2019-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Type (2019-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Application (2019-2028)
Table Global Vanilla Market Size and CAGR Forecast by Sales Channel (2019-2028)


  • Global Lutein Supplements Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 10-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 105
    The global Lutein Supplements market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030. North American market for Lutein Supplements is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030. Asia-Pacific market for Lutein Supplements is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2......
  • Global Lecithin Powder Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 10-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 68
    The global Lecithin Powder market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030. North American market for Lecithin Powder is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030. Asia-Pacific market for Lecithin Powder is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a......
  • Global Pea Starch Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 84
    Pea starch is a rich source of amylose (35 %) and this unique feature gives it good thickening and gelling properties which are better than other commonly used starches. The global Pea Starch market was valued at US$ 441.1 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 640.2 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 5.4% during The forecast period 2024-2030. The pea starch industry has developed rapidly recent years, and The industry concentration is very high due to The h......
  • Global Modified Starch Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 130
    Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, is prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant; as binder in coated paper. They are also used in many other applications. Starches are modified to enhance their performance in different applications. Starches ......
  • Global Maltodextrin Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 110
    Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is always used as a food additive. It is produced from various starches, such as corn, rice, potato, wheat, mandioc etc, by partial hydrolysis with The value of DE below 20%. And it is usually found as a white hygroscopic spray-dried powder. The Maltodextrin market covers Maltodextrin MD 10, Maltodextrin MD 15, Maltodextrin MD 20, etc. The typical players include Grain Processing Corp, Roquette, Cargill Inc., Matsutani, ADM, Ingredion, Tate & Lyl......
  • Global Starch Market Growth 2024-2030
    Published: 04-Jan-2024        Price: US 3660 Onwards        Pages: 157
    According to our LPI (LP Information) latest study, the global Starch market size was valued at US$ 40950 million in 2023. With growing demand in downstream market, the Starch is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 53680 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 3.9% during review period. The research report highlights the growth potential of the global Starch market. Starch are expected to show stable growth in the future market. However, product differentiation, reducing costs, and supply chain ......
  • Global Yeast Extract Market Growth 2024-2030
    Published: 04-Jan-2024        Price: US 3660 Onwards        Pages: 137
    According to our LPI (LP Information) latest study, the global Yeast Extract market size was valued at US$ 1735.1 million in 2023. With growing demand in downstream market, the Yeast Extract is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 2258.6 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 3.8% during review period. The research report highlights the growth potential of the global Yeast Extract market. Yeast Extract are expected to show stable growth in the future market. However, product differentiation, red......
  • Global Phospholipids Market Growth 2024-2030
    Published: 04-Jan-2024        Price: US 3660 Onwards        Pages: 111
    According to our LPI (LP Information) latest study, the global Phospholipids market size was valued at US$ 1061.1 million in 2023. With growing demand in downstream market, the Phospholipids is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1546.5 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 5.5% during review period. The research report highlights the growth potential of the global Phospholipids market. Phospholipids are expected to show stable growth in the future market. However, product differentiation, red......
  • Global Food Antioxidant Market Growth 2024-2030
    Published: 04-Jan-2024        Price: US 3660 Onwards        Pages: 130
    According to our LPI (LP Information) latest study, the global Food Antioxidant market size was valued at US$ 904.9 million in 2023. With growing demand in downstream market, the Food Antioxidant is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 847.4 million by 2030 with a CAGR of -0.9% during review period. The research report highlights the growth potential of the global Food Antioxidant market. Food Antioxidant are expected to show stable growth in the future market. However, product different......
  • SERVICES
    Value for Money
    We believe in "optimum utilization of available budget and resources". While servicing our clients' (your) market research requirements, we keep the same approach in focus to help you get the best value for your $$s.
    Ever Growing Inventory
    Ranging from the smallest feasible / required data (datasheets, data facts, SWOT analysis, company profiles, etc) to full research reports that help you make decisions, our inventory is updated almost on a daily basis with the latest industry reports from domain experts that track more than 5000 niche sectors.
    One Stop Solution
    Need a custom research report on medical devices market? Require all available business intelligence on 3D printing industry? Exploring F&B sector of a particular country/region? RnRMarketResearch.com is your one-stop-solution to all market intelligence needs. We not only offer custom research and consulting services, we also "bundle" reports to meet your needs and help you fetch the data analysis you require for your business.
    Dedicated Client Engagement
    Not limited to only "finding" relevant reports for you, our client engagement team dedicates its efforts to understand your "business need" and accordingly maps available research data to help you move forward. Call "your" client engagement executive any time of your day and get your questions answered in order to make the correct business decision.
    Saving Time and Efforts
    Simply share your research requirement details with us and let us do all the hard work to find required intelligence for you. When you add up our "one stop solution" and "dedicated client engagement" services mentioned above, you obviously know the time and effort saving you do by working with us.
    Payment Flexibility
    Working with Fortune 500 organizations, we understand the importance of being flexible for payments. Share your payment terms with us and we will surely match up to them to ensure you get access to required business intelligence data without having to wait for the payment to be done.
    Post-Purchase Research Support
    Have questions after reading a report / datasheet bought through us? Not sure about the methodology used for data available in the research? Talk to us / Share your questions with us and if required, we will connect you with the analyst(s)/author(s) of the report(s) and ensure you get satisfactory answers for the same. Need more data / analysis / report(s) on the topic of your research/project? The RnRMarketResearch.com team is here for you 24X7 to support you with your post-purchase requirements. Subscription Offers & Packages (Get in touch with us for more details - [email protected] / +1 888 391 5441 )
    • Ad Hoc
    • Pay - as - you - go / Bucket Subscriptions
    • Fixed Cost for #of reports
    • Customize / Personalize as per your needs