United States Serial Device Server Market Report & Forecast 2021-2027
Table of Contents1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Serial Device Server Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Number of Serial Port
1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 United States Serial Device Server Market Overview
1.4 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.4.1 Research Methodology
1.4.2 Research Process
1.4.3 Base Year
2 United States Serial Device Server Overall Market Size
2.1 United States Serial Device Server Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 United States Serial Device Server Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 United States Serial Device Server Sales: 2016-2027
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Serial Device Server Players in United States Market
3.2 Top United States Serial Device Server Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 United States Serial Device Server Revenue by Companies
3.4 United States Serial Device Server Sales by Companies
3.5 United States Serial Device Server Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Serial Device Server Companies in United States Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Manufacturers Serial Device Server Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Serial Device Server Players in United States Market
3.8.1 List of Tier 1 Serial Device Server Companies in United States
3.8.2 List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Serial Device Server Companies in United States
4 Sights by Number of Serial Port
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
4.1.2 1-port Serial Device Server
4.1.3 2-port Serial Device Server
4.1.4 4-port Serial Device Server
4.1.5 8-port Serial Device Server
4.1.6 16-port Serial Device Server
4.1.7 Others
4.2 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, 2016-2021
4.2.2 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, 2022-2027
4.2.3 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales, 2016-2021
4.3.2 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales, 2022-2027
4.3.3 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Market Size, 2021 & 2027
5.1.2 Access Control Systems
5.1.3 Attendance System
5.1.4 POS Systems
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, 2016-2021
5.2.2 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, 2022-2027
5.2.3 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales, 2016-2021
5.3.2 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales, 2022-2027
5.3.3 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - United States Serial Device Server Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
6 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
6.1 Moxa
6.1.1 Moxa Corporation Information
6.1.2 Moxa Overview
6.1.3 Moxa Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Moxa Serial Device Server Product Description
6.1.5 Moxa Recent Developments
6.2 Digi International
6.2.1 Digi International Corporation Information
6.2.2 Digi International Overview
6.2.3 Digi International Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Digi International Serial Device Server Product Description
6.2.5 Digi International Recent Developments
6.3 Advantech
6.3.1 Advantech Corporation Information
6.3.2 Advantech Overview
6.3.3 Advantech Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Advantech Serial Device Server Product Description
6.3.5 Advantech Recent Developments
6.4 Siemens Industrial Communication
6.4.1 Siemens Industrial Communication Corporation Information
6.4.2 Siemens Industrial Communication Overview
6.4.3 Siemens Industrial Communication Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Siemens Industrial Communication Serial Device Server Product Description
6.4.5 Siemens Industrial Communication Recent Developments
6.5 Comtrol Corporation
6.5.1 Comtrol Corporation Corporation Information
6.5.2 Comtrol Corporation Overview
6.5.3 Comtrol Corporation Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Comtrol Corporation Serial Device Server Product Description
6.5.5 Comtrol Corporation Recent Developments
6.6 3onedata
6.6.1 3onedata Corporation Information
6.6.2 3onedata Overview
6.6.3 3onedata Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.6.4 3onedata Serial Device Server Product Description
6.6.5 3onedata Recent Developments
6.7 OMEGA
6.7.1 OMEGA Corporation Information
6.7.2 OMEGA Overview
6.7.3 OMEGA Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.7.4 OMEGA Serial Device Server Product Description
6.7.5 OMEGA Recent Developments
6.8 Westermo
6.8.1 Westermo Corporation Information
6.8.2 Westermo Overview
6.8.3 Westermo Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Westermo Serial Device Server Product Description
6.8.5 Westermo Recent Developments
6.9 Atop Technologies Inc.
6.9.1 Atop Technologies Inc. Corporation Information
6.9.2 Atop Technologies Inc. Overview
6.9.3 Atop Technologies Inc. Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Atop Technologies Inc. Serial Device Server Product Description
6.9.5 Atop Technologies Inc. Recent Developments
6.10 Kyland
6.10.1 Kyland Corporation Information
6.10.2 Kyland Overview
6.10.3 Kyland Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Kyland Serial Device Server Product Description
6.10.5 Kyland Recent Developments
6.11 Perle
6.11.1 Perle Corporation Information
6.11.2 Perle Overview
6.11.3 Perle Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.11.4 Perle Serial Device Server Product Description
6.11.5 Perle Recent Developments
6.12 EtherWAN Systems
6.12.1 EtherWAN Systems Corporation Information
6.12.2 EtherWAN Systems Overview
6.12.3 EtherWAN Systems Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.12.4 EtherWAN Systems Serial Device Server Product Description
6.12.5 EtherWAN Systems Recent Developments
6.13 Korenix Technology
6.13.1 Korenix Technology Corporation Information
6.13.2 Korenix Technology Overview
6.13.3 Korenix Technology Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.13.4 Korenix Technology Serial Device Server Product Description
6.13.5 Korenix Technology Recent Developments
6.14 Sealevel Systems
6.14.1 Sealevel Systems Corporation Information
6.14.2 Sealevel Systems Overview
6.14.3 Sealevel Systems Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.14.4 Sealevel Systems Serial Device Server Product Description
6.14.5 Sealevel Systems Recent Developments
6.15 ORing Industrial Networking Corp.
6.15.1 ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Corporation Information
6.15.2 ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Overview
6.15.3 ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.15.4 ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Serial Device Server Product Description
6.15.5 ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Recent Developments
6.16 Chiyu Technology
6.16.1 Chiyu Technology Corporation Information
6.16.2 Chiyu Technology Overview
6.16.3 Chiyu Technology Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.16.4 Chiyu Technology Serial Device Server Product Description
6.16.5 Chiyu Technology Recent Developments
6.17 Tibbo Technology Inc.
6.17.1 Tibbo Technology Inc. Corporation Information
6.17.2 Tibbo Technology Inc. Overview
6.17.3 Tibbo Technology Inc. Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.17.4 Tibbo Technology Inc. Serial Device Server Product Description
6.17.5 Tibbo Technology Inc. Recent Developments
6.18 Silex Technology America, Inc.
6.18.1 Silex Technology America, Inc. Corporation Information
6.18.2 Silex Technology America, Inc. Overview
6.18.3 Silex Technology America, Inc. Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.18.4 Silex Technology America, Inc. Serial Device Server Product Description
6.18.5 Silex Technology America, Inc. Recent Developments
6.19 Sena Technologies
6.19.1 Sena Technologies Corporation Information
6.19.2 Sena Technologies Overview
6.19.3 Sena Technologies Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.19.4 Sena Technologies Serial Device Server Product Description
6.19.5 Sena Technologies Recent Developments
6.20 UTEK
6.20.1 UTEK Corporation Information
6.20.2 UTEK Overview
6.20.3 UTEK Serial Device Server Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.20.4 UTEK Serial Device Server Product Description
6.20.5 UTEK Recent Developments
7 United States Serial Device Server Production Capacity, Analysis
7.1 United States Serial Device Server Production Capacity, 2016-2027
7.2 Serial Device Server Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in United States Market
8 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
8.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.2 Market Drivers
8.3 Market Restraints
9 Serial Device Server Supply Chain Analysis
9.1 Serial Device Server Industry Value Chain
9.2 Serial Device Server Upstream Market
9.3 Serial Device Server Downstream and Clients
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
9.4.1 Marketing Channels
9.4.2 Serial Device Server Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
10 Conclusion
11 Appendix
11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Author Details
11.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Key Players of Serial Device Server in United States Market
Table 2. Top Serial Device Server Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. United States Serial Device Server Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. United States Serial Device Server Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. United States Serial Device Server Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 6. United States Serial Device Server Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Serial Device Server Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Manufacturers Serial Device Server Product Type
Table 9. List of Tier 1 Serial Device Server Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Serial Device Server Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. Major Manufacturers of 1-port Serial Device Server
Table 12. Major Manufacturers of 2-port Serial Device Server
Table 13. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2027
Table 14. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 17. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 18. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 19. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 22. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 23. Moxa Corporation Information
Table 24. Moxa Description and Major Businesses
Table 25. Moxa Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 26. Moxa Serial Device Server Product
Table 27. Moxa Recent Developments
Table 28. Digi International Corporation Information
Table 29. Digi International Description and Major Businesses
Table 30. Digi International Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 31. Digi International Serial Device Server Product
Table 32. Digi International Recent Developments
Table 33. Advantech Corporation Information
Table 34. Advantech Description and Major Businesses
Table 35. Advantech Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 36. Advantech Serial Device Server Product
Table 37. Advantech Recent Developments
Table 38. Siemens Industrial Communication Corporation Information
Table 39. Siemens Industrial Communication Description and Major Businesses
Table 40. Siemens Industrial Communication Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 41. Siemens Industrial Communication Serial Device Server Product
Table 42. Siemens Industrial Communication Recent Developments
Table 43. Comtrol Corporation Corporation Information
Table 44. Comtrol Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 45. Comtrol Corporation Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 46. Comtrol Corporation Serial Device Server Product
Table 47. Comtrol Corporation Recent Developments
Table 48. 3onedata Corporation Information
Table 49. 3onedata Description and Major Businesses
Table 50. 3onedata Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 51. 3onedata Serial Device Server Product
Table 52. 3onedata Recent Developments
Table 53. OMEGA Corporation Information
Table 54. OMEGA Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. OMEGA Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 56. OMEGA Serial Device Server Product
Table 57. OMEGA Recent Developments
Table 58. Westermo Corporation Information
Table 59. Westermo Description and Major Businesses
Table 60. Westermo Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Westermo Serial Device Server Product
Table 62. Westermo Recent Developments
Table 63. Atop Technologies Inc. Corporation Information
Table 64. Atop Technologies Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 65. Atop Technologies Inc. Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 66. Atop Technologies Inc. Serial Device Server Product
Table 67. Atop Technologies Inc. Recent Developments
Table 68. Kyland Corporation Information
Table 69. Kyland Description and Major Businesses
Table 70. Kyland Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 71. Kyland Serial Device Server Product
Table 72. Kyland Recent Developments
Table 73. Perle Corporation Information
Table 74. Perle Description and Major Businesses
Table 75. Perle Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 76. Perle Serial Device Server Product
Table 77. Perle Recent Developments
Table 78. EtherWAN Systems Corporation Information
Table 79. EtherWAN Systems Description and Major Businesses
Table 80. EtherWAN Systems Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 81. EtherWAN Systems Serial Device Server Product
Table 82. EtherWAN Systems Recent Developments
Table 83. Korenix Technology Corporation Information
Table 84. Korenix Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 85. Korenix Technology Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 86. Korenix Technology Serial Device Server Product
Table 87. Korenix Technology Recent Developments
Table 88. Sealevel Systems Corporation Information
Table 89. Sealevel Systems Description and Major Businesses
Table 90. Sealevel Systems Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 91. Sealevel Systems Serial Device Server Product
Table 92. Sealevel Systems Recent Developments
Table 93. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Corporation Information
Table 94. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Description and Major Businesses
Table 95. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 96. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Serial Device Server Product
Table 97. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Recent Developments
Table 98. Chiyu Technology Corporation Information
Table 99. Chiyu Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Chiyu Technology Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 101. Chiyu Technology Serial Device Server Product
Table 102. Chiyu Technology Recent Developments
Table 103. Tibbo Technology Inc. Corporation Information
Table 104. Tibbo Technology Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Tibbo Technology Inc. Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 106. Tibbo Technology Inc. Serial Device Server Product
Table 107. Tibbo Technology Inc. Recent Developments
Table 108. Silex Technology America, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 109. Silex Technology America, Inc. Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Silex Technology America, Inc. Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 111. Silex Technology America, Inc. Serial Device Server Product
Table 112. Silex Technology America, Inc. Recent Developments
Table 113. Sena Technologies Corporation Information
Table 114. Sena Technologies Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Sena Technologies Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 116. Sena Technologies Serial Device Server Product
Table 117. Sena Technologies Recent Developments
Table 118. UTEK Corporation Information
Table 119. UTEK Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. UTEK Serial Device Server Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 121. UTEK Serial Device Server Product
Table 122. UTEK Recent Developments
Table 123. Serial Device Server Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in United States Market, 2019-2021 (K Units)
Table 124. United States Serial Device Server Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 125. Serial Device Server Market Opportunities & Trends in United States Market
Table 126. Serial Device Server Market Drivers in United States Market
Table 127. Serial Device Server Market Restraints in United States Market
Table 128. Serial Device Server Raw Materials
Table 129. Serial Device Server Raw Materials Suppliers in United States Market
Table 130. Typical Serial Device Server Downstream
Table 131. Serial Device Server Downstream Clients in United States Market
Table 132. Serial Device Server Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
List of FiguresFigure 1. Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 2. Serial Device Server Segment by Number of Serial Port
Figure 3. Serial Device Server Segment by Application
Figure 4. United States Serial Device Server Market Overview: 2020
Figure 5. United States Serial Device Server Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. United States Serial Device Server Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Serial Device Server Sales in United States Market: 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Serial Device Server Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. 1-port Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 10. 2-port Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 11. 4-port Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 12. 8-port Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 13. 16-port Serial Device Server Product Picture
Figure 14. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 16. By Number of Serial Port - United States Serial Device Server Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 17. Access Control Systems
Figure 18. Attendance System
Figure 19. POS Systems
Figure 20. Others
Figure 21. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Application - United States Serial Device Server Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 24. Moxa Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Digi International Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Advantech Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Siemens Industrial Communication Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Comtrol Corporation Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 29. 3onedata Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 30. OMEGA Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 31. Westermo Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 32. Atop Technologies Inc. Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 33. Kyland Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 34. Perle Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 35. EtherWAN Systems Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 36. Korenix Technology Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 37. Sealevel Systems Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 38. ORing Industrial Networking Corp. Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 39. Chiyu Technology Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 40. Tibbo Technology Inc. Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 41. Silex Technology America, Inc. Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 42. Sena Technologies Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 43. UTEK Serial Device Server Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 44. United States Serial Device Server Production Capacity (K Units), 2016-2027
Figure 45. Serial Device Server Industry Value Chain
Figure 46. Marketing Channels