United States PV Ribbon Market Report & Forecast 2021-2027
Table of Contents1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 PV Ribbon Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 United States PV Ribbon Market Overview
1.4 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.4.1 Research Methodology
1.4.2 Research Process
1.4.3 Base Year
2 United States PV Ribbon Overall Market Size
2.1 United States PV Ribbon Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 United States PV Ribbon Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 United States PV Ribbon Sales: 2016-2027
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top PV Ribbon Players in United States Market
3.2 Top United States PV Ribbon Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 United States PV Ribbon Revenue by Companies
3.4 United States PV Ribbon Sales by Companies
3.5 United States PV Ribbon Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 PV Ribbon Companies in United States Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Manufacturers PV Ribbon Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 PV Ribbon Players in United States Market
3.8.1 List of Tier 1 PV Ribbon Companies in United States
3.8.2 List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 PV Ribbon Companies in United States
4 Sights by Type
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
4.1.2 Connection
4.1.3 Bustar
4.2 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, 2016-2021
4.2.2 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, 2022-2027
4.2.3 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales, 2016-2021
4.3.2 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales, 2022-2027
4.3.3 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - United States PV Ribbon Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Market Size, 2021 & 2027
5.1.2 Solar Battery
5.1.3 Solar Modules To The Junction Box
5.1.4 Film Substrate
5.2 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, 2016-2021
5.2.2 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, 2022-2027
5.2.3 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales, 2016-2021
5.3.2 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales, 2022-2027
5.3.3 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - United States PV Ribbon Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
6 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
6.1 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire
6.1.1 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Corporation Information
6.1.2 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Overview
6.1.3 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire PV Ribbon Product Description
6.1.5 Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Recent Developments
6.2 Hitachi Cable
6.2.1 Hitachi Cable Corporation Information
6.2.2 Hitachi Cable Overview
6.2.3 Hitachi Cable PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Hitachi Cable PV Ribbon Product Description
6.2.5 Hitachi Cable Recent Developments
6.3 YourBuddy
6.3.1 YourBuddy Corporation Information
6.3.2 YourBuddy Overview
6.3.3 YourBuddy PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.3.4 YourBuddy PV Ribbon Product Description
6.3.5 YourBuddy Recent Developments
6.4 Sveck
6.4.1 Sveck Corporation Information
6.4.2 Sveck Overview
6.4.3 Sveck PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Sveck PV Ribbon Product Description
6.4.5 Sveck Recent Developments
6.5 E Sun New Material
6.5.1 E Sun New Material Corporation Information
6.5.2 E Sun New Material Overview
6.5.3 E Sun New Material PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.5.4 E Sun New Material PV Ribbon Product Description
6.5.5 E Sun New Material Recent Developments
6.6 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology
6.6.1 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Corporation Information
6.6.2 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Overview
6.6.3 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology PV Ribbon Product Description
6.6.5 Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Recent Developments
6.7 Bruker-Spaleck
6.7.1 Bruker-Spaleck Corporation Information
6.7.2 Bruker-Spaleck Overview
6.7.3 Bruker-Spaleck PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.7.4 Bruker-Spaleck PV Ribbon Product Description
6.7.5 Bruker-Spaleck Recent Developments
6.8 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology
6.8.1 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Corporation Information
6.8.2 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Overview
6.8.3 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology PV Ribbon Product Description
6.8.5 Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Recent Developments
6.9 Sanysolar
6.9.1 Sanysolar Corporation Information
6.9.2 Sanysolar Overview
6.9.3 Sanysolar PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Sanysolar PV Ribbon Product Description
6.9.5 Sanysolar Recent Developments
6.10 Jiangsu Sun Group
6.10.1 Jiangsu Sun Group Corporation Information
6.10.2 Jiangsu Sun Group Overview
6.10.3 Jiangsu Sun Group PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Jiangsu Sun Group PV Ribbon Product Description
6.10.5 Jiangsu Sun Group Recent Developments
6.11 SHENMAO Technology
6.11.1 SHENMAO Technology Corporation Information
6.11.2 SHENMAO Technology Overview
6.11.3 SHENMAO Technology PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.11.4 SHENMAO Technology PV Ribbon Product Description
6.11.5 SHENMAO Technology Recent Developments
6.12 Alpha
6.12.1 Alpha Corporation Information
6.12.2 Alpha Overview
6.12.3 Alpha PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.12.4 Alpha PV Ribbon Product Description
6.12.5 Alpha Recent Developments
6.13 E- WRE
6.13.1 E- WRE Corporation Information
6.13.2 E- WRE Overview
6.13.3 E- WRE PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.13.4 E- WRE PV Ribbon Product Description
6.13.5 E- WRE Recent Developments
6.14 Luvata
6.14.1 Luvata Corporation Information
6.14.2 Luvata Overview
6.14.3 Luvata PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.14.4 Luvata PV Ribbon Product Description
6.14.5 Luvata Recent Developments
6.15 Torpedo
6.15.1 Torpedo Corporation Information
6.15.2 Torpedo Overview
6.15.3 Torpedo PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.15.4 Torpedo PV Ribbon Product Description
6.15.5 Torpedo Recent Developments
6.16 Creativ RSL
6.16.1 Creativ RSL Corporation Information
6.16.2 Creativ RSL Overview
6.16.3 Creativ RSL PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.16.4 Creativ RSL PV Ribbon Product Description
6.16.5 Creativ RSL Recent Developments
6.17 LEONI
6.17.1 LEONI Corporation Information
6.17.2 LEONI Overview
6.17.3 LEONI PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.17.4 LEONI PV Ribbon Product Description
6.17.5 LEONI Recent Developments
6.18 YIHE
6.18.1 YIHE Corporation Information
6.18.2 YIHE Overview
6.18.3 YIHE PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.18.4 YIHE PV Ribbon Product Description
6.18.5 YIHE Recent Developments
6.19 Huaguangda technology
6.19.1 Huaguangda technology Corporation Information
6.19.2 Huaguangda technology Overview
6.19.3 Huaguangda technology PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.19.4 Huaguangda technology PV Ribbon Product Description
6.19.5 Huaguangda technology Recent Developments
6.20 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic
6.20.1 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Corporation Information
6.20.2 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Overview
6.20.3 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic PV Ribbon Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.20.4 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic PV Ribbon Product Description
6.20.5 Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Recent Developments
7 United States PV Ribbon Production Capacity, Analysis
7.1 United States PV Ribbon Production Capacity, 2016-2027
7.2 PV Ribbon Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in United States Market
8 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
8.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.2 Market Drivers
8.3 Market Restraints
9 PV Ribbon Supply Chain Analysis
9.1 PV Ribbon Industry Value Chain
9.2 PV Ribbon Upstream Market
9.3 PV Ribbon Downstream and Clients
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
9.4.1 Marketing Channels
9.4.2 PV Ribbon Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
10 Conclusion
11 Appendix
11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Author Details
11.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Key Players of PV Ribbon in United States Market
Table 2. Top PV Ribbon Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. United States PV Ribbon Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. United States PV Ribbon Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. United States PV Ribbon Sales by Companies, (Tonne), 2016-2021
Table 6. United States PV Ribbon Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers PV Ribbon Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Tonne)
Table 8. Manufacturers PV Ribbon Product Type
Table 9. List of Tier 1 PV Ribbon Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 PV Ribbon Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. Major Manufacturers of Connection
Table 12. Major Manufacturers of Bustar
Table 13. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2027
Table 14. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), 2016-2021
Table 17. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), 2022-2027
Table 18. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 19. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), 2016-2021
Table 22. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), 2022-2027
Table 23. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Corporation Information
Table 24. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Description and Major Businesses
Table 25. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 26. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire PV Ribbon Product
Table 27. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire Recent Developments
Table 28. Hitachi Cable Corporation Information
Table 29. Hitachi Cable Description and Major Businesses
Table 30. Hitachi Cable PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 31. Hitachi Cable PV Ribbon Product
Table 32. Hitachi Cable Recent Developments
Table 33. YourBuddy Corporation Information
Table 34. YourBuddy Description and Major Businesses
Table 35. YourBuddy PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 36. YourBuddy PV Ribbon Product
Table 37. YourBuddy Recent Developments
Table 38. Sveck Corporation Information
Table 39. Sveck Description and Major Businesses
Table 40. Sveck PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 41. Sveck PV Ribbon Product
Table 42. Sveck Recent Developments
Table 43. E Sun New Material Corporation Information
Table 44. E Sun New Material Description and Major Businesses
Table 45. E Sun New Material PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 46. E Sun New Material PV Ribbon Product
Table 47. E Sun New Material Recent Developments
Table 48. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Corporation Information
Table 49. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 50. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 51. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology PV Ribbon Product
Table 52. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology Recent Developments
Table 53. Bruker-Spaleck Corporation Information
Table 54. Bruker-Spaleck Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Bruker-Spaleck PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 56. Bruker-Spaleck PV Ribbon Product
Table 57. Bruker-Spaleck Recent Developments
Table 58. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Corporation Information
Table 59. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 60. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology PV Ribbon Product
Table 62. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology Recent Developments
Table 63. Sanysolar Corporation Information
Table 64. Sanysolar Description and Major Businesses
Table 65. Sanysolar PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 66. Sanysolar PV Ribbon Product
Table 67. Sanysolar Recent Developments
Table 68. Jiangsu Sun Group Corporation Information
Table 69. Jiangsu Sun Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 70. Jiangsu Sun Group PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 71. Jiangsu Sun Group PV Ribbon Product
Table 72. Jiangsu Sun Group Recent Developments
Table 73. SHENMAO Technology Corporation Information
Table 74. SHENMAO Technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 75. SHENMAO Technology PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 76. SHENMAO Technology PV Ribbon Product
Table 77. SHENMAO Technology Recent Developments
Table 78. Alpha Corporation Information
Table 79. Alpha Description and Major Businesses
Table 80. Alpha PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 81. Alpha PV Ribbon Product
Table 82. Alpha Recent Developments
Table 83. E- WRE Corporation Information
Table 84. E- WRE Description and Major Businesses
Table 85. E- WRE PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 86. E- WRE PV Ribbon Product
Table 87. E- WRE Recent Developments
Table 88. Luvata Corporation Information
Table 89. Luvata Description and Major Businesses
Table 90. Luvata PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 91. Luvata PV Ribbon Product
Table 92. Luvata Recent Developments
Table 93. Torpedo Corporation Information
Table 94. Torpedo Description and Major Businesses
Table 95. Torpedo PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 96. Torpedo PV Ribbon Product
Table 97. Torpedo Recent Developments
Table 98. Creativ RSL Corporation Information
Table 99. Creativ RSL Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Creativ RSL PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 101. Creativ RSL PV Ribbon Product
Table 102. Creativ RSL Recent Developments
Table 103. LEONI Corporation Information
Table 104. LEONI Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. LEONI PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 106. LEONI PV Ribbon Product
Table 107. LEONI Recent Developments
Table 108. YIHE Corporation Information
Table 109. YIHE Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. YIHE PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 111. YIHE PV Ribbon Product
Table 112. YIHE Recent Developments
Table 113. Huaguangda technology Corporation Information
Table 114. Huaguangda technology Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Huaguangda technology PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 116. Huaguangda technology PV Ribbon Product
Table 117. Huaguangda technology Recent Developments
Table 118. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Corporation Information
Table 119. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic PV Ribbon Sales (Tonne), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Tonne) (2016-2021)
Table 121. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic PV Ribbon Product
Table 122. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic Recent Developments
Table 123. PV Ribbon Production Capacity (Tonne) of Key Manufacturers in United States Market, 2019-2021 (Tonne)
Table 124. United States PV Ribbon Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 125. PV Ribbon Market Opportunities & Trends in United States Market
Table 126. PV Ribbon Market Drivers in United States Market
Table 127. PV Ribbon Market Restraints in United States Market
Table 128. PV Ribbon Raw Materials
Table 129. PV Ribbon Raw Materials Suppliers in United States Market
Table 130. Typical PV Ribbon Downstream
Table 131. PV Ribbon Downstream Clients in United States Market
Table 132. PV Ribbon Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
List of FiguresFigure 1. PV Ribbon Product Picture
Figure 2. PV Ribbon Segment by Type
Figure 3. PV Ribbon Segment by Application
Figure 4. United States PV Ribbon Market Overview: 2020
Figure 5. United States PV Ribbon Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. United States PV Ribbon Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. PV Ribbon Sales in United States Market: 2016-2027 (Tonne)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by PV Ribbon Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. Connection Product Picture
Figure 10. Bustar Product Picture
Figure 11. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 12. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 13. By Type - United States PV Ribbon Price (USD/Tonne), 2016-2027
Figure 14. Solar Battery
Figure 15. Solar Modules To The Junction Box
Figure 16. Film Substrate
Figure 17. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 18. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 19. By Application - United States PV Ribbon Price (USD/Tonne), 2016-2027
Figure 20. Ulbrich Precision Flat Wire PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 21. Hitachi Cable PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 22. YourBuddy PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 23. Sveck PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 24. E Sun New Material PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Kunming Sunlight Science and Technology PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Bruker-Spaleck PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Baoding Yitong PV Science&Technology PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Sanysolar PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Jiangsu Sun Group PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 30. SHENMAO Technology PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 31. Alpha PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 32. E- WRE PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 33. Luvata PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 34. Torpedo PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 35. Creativ RSL PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 36. LEONI PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 37. YIHE PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 38. Huaguangda technology PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 39. Qin Huangdao Donwoo Electronic PV Ribbon Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 40. United States PV Ribbon Production Capacity (Tonne), 2016-2027
Figure 41. PV Ribbon Industry Value Chain
Figure 42. Marketing Channels