United States Piston Pump Market Report & Forecast 2021-2027
Table of Contents1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Piston Pump Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 United States Piston Pump Market Overview
1.4 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.4.1 Research Methodology
1.4.2 Research Process
1.4.3 Base Year
2 United States Piston Pump Overall Market Size
2.1 United States Piston Pump Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 United States Piston Pump Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 United States Piston Pump Sales: 2016-2027
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Piston Pump Players in United States Market
3.2 Top United States Piston Pump Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 United States Piston Pump Revenue by Companies
3.4 United States Piston Pump Sales by Companies
3.5 United States Piston Pump Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Piston Pump Companies in United States Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Manufacturers Piston Pump Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Piston Pump Players in United States Market
3.8.1 List of Tier 1 Piston Pump Companies in United States
3.8.2 List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Piston Pump Companies in United States
4 Sights by Type
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - United States Piston Pump Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
4.1.2 Lift Pump
4.1.3 Force Pump
4.1.4 Axial Piston Pump
4.1.5 Radial Piston Pump
4.2 By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue, 2016-2021
4.2.2 By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue, 2022-2027
4.2.3 By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales, 2016-2021
4.3.2 By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales, 2022-2027
4.3.3 By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - United States Piston Pump Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - United States Piston Pump Market Size, 2021 & 2027
5.1.2 Chemical Processing Industry
5.1.3 General Industries
5.1.4 Primary Metals Industry
5.1.5 Oil and Gas Industry
5.1.6 Power Generation Industry
5.1.7 Mining Industry
5.1.8 Others
5.2 By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue, 2016-2021
5.2.2 By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue, 2022-2027
5.2.3 By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales, 2016-2021
5.3.2 By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales, 2022-2027
5.3.3 By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - United States Piston Pump Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
6 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
6.1 Bosch Rexroth Corporation
6.1.1 Bosch Rexroth Corporation Corporation Information
6.1.2 Bosch Rexroth Corporation Overview
6.1.3 Bosch Rexroth Corporation Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Bosch Rexroth Corporation Piston Pump Product Description
6.1.5 Bosch Rexroth Corporation Recent Developments
6.2 Kawasaki Heavy Industries
6.2.1 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Corporation Information
6.2.2 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Overview
6.2.3 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Piston Pump Product Description
6.2.5 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Recent Developments
6.3 FMC Technologies
6.3.1 FMC Technologies Corporation Information
6.3.2 FMC Technologies Overview
6.3.3 FMC Technologies Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.3.4 FMC Technologies Piston Pump Product Description
6.3.5 FMC Technologies Recent Developments
6.4 Interpump Group
6.4.1 Interpump Group Corporation Information
6.4.2 Interpump Group Overview
6.4.3 Interpump Group Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Interpump Group Piston Pump Product Description
6.4.5 Interpump Group Recent Developments
6.5 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A
6.5.1 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Corporation Information
6.5.2 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Overview
6.5.3 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Piston Pump Product Description
6.5.5 Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Recent Developments
6.6 Comet
6.6.1 Comet Corporation Information
6.6.2 Comet Overview
6.6.3 Comet Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Comet Piston Pump Product Description
6.6.5 Comet Recent Developments
6.7 Flowserve
6.7.1 Flowserve Corporation Information
6.7.2 Flowserve Overview
6.7.3 Flowserve Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.7.4 Flowserve Piston Pump Product Description
6.7.5 Flowserve Recent Developments
6.8 Nikkiso
6.8.1 Nikkiso Corporation Information
6.8.2 Nikkiso Overview
6.8.3 Nikkiso Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Nikkiso Piston Pump Product Description
6.8.5 Nikkiso Recent Developments
6.9 PSM-Hydraulics
6.9.1 PSM-Hydraulics Corporation Information
6.9.2 PSM-Hydraulics Overview
6.9.3 PSM-Hydraulics Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.9.4 PSM-Hydraulics Piston Pump Product Description
6.9.5 PSM-Hydraulics Recent Developments
6.10 Eaton
6.10.1 Eaton Corporation Information
6.10.2 Eaton Overview
6.10.3 Eaton Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Eaton Piston Pump Product Description
6.10.5 Eaton Recent Developments
6.11 Oilgear
6.11.1 Oilgear Corporation Information
6.11.2 Oilgear Overview
6.11.3 Oilgear Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.11.4 Oilgear Piston Pump Product Description
6.11.5 Oilgear Recent Developments
6.12 Kamat
6.12.1 Kamat Corporation Information
6.12.2 Kamat Overview
6.12.3 Kamat Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.12.4 Kamat Piston Pump Product Description
6.12.5 Kamat Recent Developments
6.13 Huade
6.13.1 Huade Corporation Information
6.13.2 Huade Overview
6.13.3 Huade Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.13.4 Huade Piston Pump Product Description
6.13.5 Huade Recent Developments
6.14 Liyuan
6.14.1 Liyuan Corporation Information
6.14.2 Liyuan Overview
6.14.3 Liyuan Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.14.4 Liyuan Piston Pump Product Description
6.14.5 Liyuan Recent Developments
6.15 Ini Hydraulic
6.15.1 Ini Hydraulic Corporation Information
6.15.2 Ini Hydraulic Overview
6.15.3 Ini Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.15.4 Ini Hydraulic Piston Pump Product Description
6.15.5 Ini Hydraulic Recent Developments
6.16 Hengyuan Hydraulic
6.16.1 Hengyuan Hydraulic Corporation Information
6.16.2 Hengyuan Hydraulic Overview
6.16.3 Hengyuan Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.16.4 Hengyuan Hydraulic Piston Pump Product Description
6.16.5 Hengyuan Hydraulic Recent Developments
6.17 Shanggao
6.17.1 Shanggao Corporation Information
6.17.2 Shanggao Overview
6.17.3 Shanggao Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.17.4 Shanggao Piston Pump Product Description
6.17.5 Shanggao Recent Developments
6.18 Qidong High Pressure
6.18.1 Qidong High Pressure Corporation Information
6.18.2 Qidong High Pressure Overview
6.18.3 Qidong High Pressure Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.18.4 Qidong High Pressure Piston Pump Product Description
6.18.5 Qidong High Pressure Recent Developments
6.19 Hilead Hydraulic
6.19.1 Hilead Hydraulic Corporation Information
6.19.2 Hilead Hydraulic Overview
6.19.3 Hilead Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.19.4 Hilead Hydraulic Piston Pump Product Description
6.19.5 Hilead Hydraulic Recent Developments
6.20 Aovite
6.20.1 Aovite Corporation Information
6.20.2 Aovite Overview
6.20.3 Aovite Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.20.4 Aovite Piston Pump Product Description
6.20.5 Aovite Recent Developments
6.21 CNSP
6.21.1 CNSP Corporation Information
6.21.2 CNSP Overview
6.21.3 CNSP Piston Pump Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.21.4 CNSP Piston Pump Product Description
6.21.5 CNSP Recent Developments
7 United States Piston Pump Production Capacity, Analysis
7.1 United States Piston Pump Production Capacity, 2016-2027
7.2 Piston Pump Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in United States Market
8 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
8.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.2 Market Drivers
8.3 Market Restraints
9 Piston Pump Supply Chain Analysis
9.1 Piston Pump Industry Value Chain
9.2 Piston Pump Upstream Market
9.3 Piston Pump Downstream and Clients
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
9.4.1 Marketing Channels
9.4.2 Piston Pump Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
10 Conclusion
11 Appendix
11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Author Details
11.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Key Players of Piston Pump in United States Market
Table 2. Top Piston Pump Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. United States Piston Pump Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. United States Piston Pump Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. United States Piston Pump Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 6. United States Piston Pump Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Piston Pump Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Manufacturers Piston Pump Product Type
Table 9. List of Tier 1 Piston Pump Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Piston Pump Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. Major Manufacturers of Lift Pump
Table 12. Major Manufacturers of Force Pump
Table 13. By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2027
Table 14. By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 17. By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 18. By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 19. By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 22. By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 23. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Corporation Information
Table 24. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 25. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 26. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Piston Pump Product
Table 27. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Recent Developments
Table 28. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Corporation Information
Table 29. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Description and Major Businesses
Table 30. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 31. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Piston Pump Product
Table 32. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Recent Developments
Table 33. FMC Technologies Corporation Information
Table 34. FMC Technologies Description and Major Businesses
Table 35. FMC Technologies Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 36. FMC Technologies Piston Pump Product
Table 37. FMC Technologies Recent Developments
Table 38. Interpump Group Corporation Information
Table 39. Interpump Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 40. Interpump Group Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 41. Interpump Group Piston Pump Product
Table 42. Interpump Group Recent Developments
Table 43. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Corporation Information
Table 44. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Description and Major Businesses
Table 45. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 46. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Piston Pump Product
Table 47. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Recent Developments
Table 48. Comet Corporation Information
Table 49. Comet Description and Major Businesses
Table 50. Comet Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 51. Comet Piston Pump Product
Table 52. Comet Recent Developments
Table 53. Flowserve Corporation Information
Table 54. Flowserve Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Flowserve Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 56. Flowserve Piston Pump Product
Table 57. Flowserve Recent Developments
Table 58. Nikkiso Corporation Information
Table 59. Nikkiso Description and Major Businesses
Table 60. Nikkiso Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Nikkiso Piston Pump Product
Table 62. Nikkiso Recent Developments
Table 63. PSM-Hydraulics Corporation Information
Table 64. PSM-Hydraulics Description and Major Businesses
Table 65. PSM-Hydraulics Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 66. PSM-Hydraulics Piston Pump Product
Table 67. PSM-Hydraulics Recent Developments
Table 68. Eaton Corporation Information
Table 69. Eaton Description and Major Businesses
Table 70. Eaton Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 71. Eaton Piston Pump Product
Table 72. Eaton Recent Developments
Table 73. Oilgear Corporation Information
Table 74. Oilgear Description and Major Businesses
Table 75. Oilgear Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 76. Oilgear Piston Pump Product
Table 77. Oilgear Recent Developments
Table 78. Kamat Corporation Information
Table 79. Kamat Description and Major Businesses
Table 80. Kamat Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 81. Kamat Piston Pump Product
Table 82. Kamat Recent Developments
Table 83. Huade Corporation Information
Table 84. Huade Description and Major Businesses
Table 85. Huade Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 86. Huade Piston Pump Product
Table 87. Huade Recent Developments
Table 88. Liyuan Corporation Information
Table 89. Liyuan Description and Major Businesses
Table 90. Liyuan Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 91. Liyuan Piston Pump Product
Table 92. Liyuan Recent Developments
Table 93. Ini Hydraulic Corporation Information
Table 94. Ini Hydraulic Description and Major Businesses
Table 95. Ini Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 96. Ini Hydraulic Piston Pump Product
Table 97. Ini Hydraulic Recent Developments
Table 98. Hengyuan Hydraulic Corporation Information
Table 99. Hengyuan Hydraulic Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Hengyuan Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 101. Hengyuan Hydraulic Piston Pump Product
Table 102. Hengyuan Hydraulic Recent Developments
Table 103. Shanggao Corporation Information
Table 104. Shanggao Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Shanggao Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 106. Shanggao Piston Pump Product
Table 107. Shanggao Recent Developments
Table 108. Qidong High Pressure Corporation Information
Table 109. Qidong High Pressure Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. Qidong High Pressure Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 111. Qidong High Pressure Piston Pump Product
Table 112. Qidong High Pressure Recent Developments
Table 113. Hilead Hydraulic Corporation Information
Table 114. Hilead Hydraulic Description and Major Businesses
Table 115. Hilead Hydraulic Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 116. Hilead Hydraulic Piston Pump Product
Table 117. Hilead Hydraulic Recent Developments
Table 118. Aovite Corporation Information
Table 119. Aovite Description and Major Businesses
Table 120. Aovite Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 121. Aovite Piston Pump Product
Table 122. Aovite Recent Developments
Table 123. CNSP Corporation Information
Table 124. CNSP Description and Major Businesses
Table 125. CNSP Piston Pump Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 126. CNSP Piston Pump Product
Table 127. CNSP Recent Developments
Table 128. Piston Pump Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in United States Market, 2019-2021 (K Units)
Table 129. United States Piston Pump Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 130. Piston Pump Market Opportunities & Trends in United States Market
Table 131. Piston Pump Market Drivers in United States Market
Table 132. Piston Pump Market Restraints in United States Market
Table 133. Piston Pump Raw Materials
Table 134. Piston Pump Raw Materials Suppliers in United States Market
Table 135. Typical Piston Pump Downstream
Table 136. Piston Pump Downstream Clients in United States Market
Table 137. Piston Pump Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
List of FiguresFigure 1. Piston Pump Product Picture
Figure 2. Piston Pump Segment by Type
Figure 3. Piston Pump Segment by Application
Figure 4. United States Piston Pump Market Overview: 2020
Figure 5. United States Piston Pump Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. United States Piston Pump Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Piston Pump Sales in United States Market: 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Piston Pump Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. Lift Pump Product Picture
Figure 10. Force Pump Product Picture
Figure 11. Axial Piston Pump Product Picture
Figure 12. Radial Piston Pump Product Picture
Figure 13. By Type - United States Piston Pump Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Type - United States Piston Pump Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Type - United States Piston Pump Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 16. Chemical Processing Industry
Figure 17. General Industries
Figure 18. Primary Metals Industry
Figure 19. Oil and Gas Industry
Figure 20. Power Generation Industry
Figure 21. By Application - United States Piston Pump Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Application - United States Piston Pump Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Application - United States Piston Pump Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 24. Bosch Rexroth Corporation Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Kawasaki Heavy Industries Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 26. FMC Technologies Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Interpump Group Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Annovi Reverberi S.p.A Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Comet Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 30. Flowserve Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 31. Nikkiso Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 32. PSM-Hydraulics Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 33. Eaton Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 34. Oilgear Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 35. Kamat Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 36. Huade Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 37. Liyuan Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 38. Ini Hydraulic Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 39. Hengyuan Hydraulic Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 40. Shanggao Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 41. Qidong High Pressure Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 42. Hilead Hydraulic Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 43. Aovite Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 44. CNSP Piston Pump Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 45. United States Piston Pump Production Capacity (K Units), 2016-2027
Figure 46. Piston Pump Industry Value Chain
Figure 47. Marketing Channels