United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Report & Forecast 2021-2027
Table of Contents1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Compound Feeds and Additives Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Overview
1.4 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.4.1 Research Methodology
1.4.2 Research Process
1.4.3 Base Year
2 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Overall Market Size
2.1 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales: 2016-2027
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Compound Feeds and Additives Players in United States Market
3.2 Top United States Compound Feeds and Additives Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue by Companies
3.4 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales by Companies
3.5 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Compound Feeds and Additives Companies in United States Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Manufacturers Compound Feeds and Additives Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Compound Feeds and Additives Players in United States Market
3.8.1 List of Tier 1 Compound Feeds and Additives Companies in United States
3.8.2 List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Compound Feeds and Additives Companies in United States
4 Sights by Type
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
4.1.2 Pellets Feed and Additives
4.1.3 Powder Feed and Additives
4.1.4 Liquid Feed and Additives
4.1.5 Others Feed and Additives
4.2 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, 2016-2021
4.2.2 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, 2022-2027
4.2.3 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales, 2016-2021
4.3.2 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales, 2022-2027
4.3.3 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Size, 2021 & 2027
5.1.2 Poultry
5.1.3 Pig
5.1.4 Ruminant
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, 2016-2021
5.2.2 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, 2022-2027
5.2.3 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales, 2016-2021
5.3.2 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales, 2022-2027
5.3.3 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
6 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
6.1 Cargill
6.1.1 Cargill Corporation Information
6.1.2 Cargill Overview
6.1.3 Cargill Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Cargill Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.1.5 Cargill Recent Developments
6.2 Purina Animal Nutrition
6.2.1 Purina Animal Nutrition Corporation Information
6.2.2 Purina Animal Nutrition Overview
6.2.3 Purina Animal Nutrition Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Purina Animal Nutrition Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.2.5 Purina Animal Nutrition Recent Developments
6.3 Tyson Foods
6.3.1 Tyson Foods Corporation Information
6.3.2 Tyson Foods Overview
6.3.3 Tyson Foods Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Tyson Foods Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.3.5 Tyson Foods Recent Developments
6.4 Kent Corporation
6.4.1 Kent Corporation Corporation Information
6.4.2 Kent Corporation Overview
6.4.3 Kent Corporation Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Kent Corporation Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.4.5 Kent Corporation Recent Developments
6.5 White Oak Mills
6.5.1 White Oak Mills Corporation Information
6.5.2 White Oak Mills Overview
6.5.3 White Oak Mills Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.5.4 White Oak Mills Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.5.5 White Oak Mills Recent Developments
6.6 Wenger Group
6.6.1 Wenger Group Corporation Information
6.6.2 Wenger Group Overview
6.6.3 Wenger Group Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Wenger Group Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.6.5 Wenger Group Recent Developments
6.7 Alltech
6.7.1 Alltech Corporation Information
6.7.2 Alltech Overview
6.7.3 Alltech Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.7.4 Alltech Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.7.5 Alltech Recent Developments
6.8 Hi-Pro Feeds
6.8.1 Hi-Pro Feeds Corporation Information
6.8.2 Hi-Pro Feeds Overview
6.8.3 Hi-Pro Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Hi-Pro Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.8.5 Hi-Pro Feeds Recent Developments
6.9 Alan Ritchey
6.9.1 Alan Ritchey Corporation Information
6.9.2 Alan Ritchey Overview
6.9.3 Alan Ritchey Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Alan Ritchey Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.9.5 Alan Ritchey Recent Developments
6.10 Albers Animal Feed
6.10.1 Albers Animal Feed Corporation Information
6.10.2 Albers Animal Feed Overview
6.10.3 Albers Animal Feed Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.10.4 Albers Animal Feed Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.10.5 Albers Animal Feed Recent Developments
6.11 Star Milling
6.11.1 Star Milling Corporation Information
6.11.2 Star Milling Overview
6.11.3 Star Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.11.4 Star Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.11.5 Star Milling Recent Developments
6.12 Orangeburg Milling
6.12.1 Orangeburg Milling Corporation Information
6.12.2 Orangeburg Milling Overview
6.12.3 Orangeburg Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.12.4 Orangeburg Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.12.5 Orangeburg Milling Recent Developments
6.13 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY
6.13.1 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Corporation Information
6.13.2 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Overview
6.13.3 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.13.4 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.13.5 BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Recent Developments
6.14 PRESTAGE FARMS
6.14.1 PRESTAGE FARMS Corporation Information
6.14.2 PRESTAGE FARMS Overview
6.14.3 PRESTAGE FARMS Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.14.4 PRESTAGE FARMS Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.14.5 PRESTAGE FARMS Recent Developments
6.15 Kalmbach
6.15.1 Kalmbach Corporation Information
6.15.2 Kalmbach Overview
6.15.3 Kalmbach Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.15.4 Kalmbach Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.15.5 Kalmbach Recent Developments
6.16 Mars Horsecare
6.16.1 Mars Horsecare Corporation Information
6.16.2 Mars Horsecare Overview
6.16.3 Mars Horsecare Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.16.4 Mars Horsecare Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.16.5 Mars Horsecare Recent Developments
6.17 Mercer Milling
6.17.1 Mercer Milling Corporation Information
6.17.2 Mercer Milling Overview
6.17.3 Mercer Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.17.4 Mercer Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.17.5 Mercer Milling Recent Developments
6.18 LMF Feeds
6.18.1 LMF Feeds Corporation Information
6.18.2 LMF Feeds Overview
6.18.3 LMF Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Sales and Revenue in United States Market (2016-2021)
6.18.4 LMF Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Product Description
6.18.5 LMF Feeds Recent Developments
7 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Production Capacity, Analysis
7.1 United States Compound Feeds and Additives Production Capacity, 2016-2027
7.2 Compound Feeds and Additives Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in United States Market
8 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
8.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.2 Market Drivers
8.3 Market Restraints
9 Compound Feeds and Additives Supply Chain Analysis
9.1 Compound Feeds and Additives Industry Value Chain
9.2 Compound Feeds and Additives Upstream Market
9.3 Compound Feeds and Additives Downstream and Clients
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
9.4.1 Marketing Channels
9.4.2 Compound Feeds and Additives Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
10 Conclusion
11 Appendix
11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Author Details
11.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Key Players of Compound Feeds and Additives in United States Market
Table 2. Top Compound Feeds and Additives Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2016-2021
Table 6. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Compound Feeds and Additives Price (2016-2021) & (US$/MT)
Table 8. Manufacturers Compound Feeds and Additives Product Type
Table 9. List of Tier 1 Compound Feeds and Additives Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Compound Feeds and Additives Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. Major Manufacturers of Pellets Feed and Additives
Table 12. Major Manufacturers of Powder Feed and Additives
Table 13. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2027
Table 14. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), 2016-2021
Table 17. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), 2022-2027
Table 18. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 19. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), 2016-2021
Table 22. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), 2022-2027
Table 23. Cargill Corporation Information
Table 24. Cargill Description and Major Businesses
Table 25. Cargill Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 26. Cargill Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 27. Cargill Recent Developments
Table 28. Purina Animal Nutrition Corporation Information
Table 29. Purina Animal Nutrition Description and Major Businesses
Table 30. Purina Animal Nutrition Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 31. Purina Animal Nutrition Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 32. Purina Animal Nutrition Recent Developments
Table 33. Tyson Foods Corporation Information
Table 34. Tyson Foods Description and Major Businesses
Table 35. Tyson Foods Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 36. Tyson Foods Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 37. Tyson Foods Recent Developments
Table 38. Kent Corporation Corporation Information
Table 39. Kent Corporation Description and Major Businesses
Table 40. Kent Corporation Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 41. Kent Corporation Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 42. Kent Corporation Recent Developments
Table 43. White Oak Mills Corporation Information
Table 44. White Oak Mills Description and Major Businesses
Table 45. White Oak Mills Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 46. White Oak Mills Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 47. White Oak Mills Recent Developments
Table 48. Wenger Group Corporation Information
Table 49. Wenger Group Description and Major Businesses
Table 50. Wenger Group Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 51. Wenger Group Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 52. Wenger Group Recent Developments
Table 53. Alltech Corporation Information
Table 54. Alltech Description and Major Businesses
Table 55. Alltech Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 56. Alltech Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 57. Alltech Recent Developments
Table 58. Hi-Pro Feeds Corporation Information
Table 59. Hi-Pro Feeds Description and Major Businesses
Table 60. Hi-Pro Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Hi-Pro Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 62. Hi-Pro Feeds Recent Developments
Table 63. Alan Ritchey Corporation Information
Table 64. Alan Ritchey Description and Major Businesses
Table 65. Alan Ritchey Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 66. Alan Ritchey Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 67. Alan Ritchey Recent Developments
Table 68. Albers Animal Feed Corporation Information
Table 69. Albers Animal Feed Description and Major Businesses
Table 70. Albers Animal Feed Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 71. Albers Animal Feed Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 72. Albers Animal Feed Recent Developments
Table 73. Star Milling Corporation Information
Table 74. Star Milling Description and Major Businesses
Table 75. Star Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 76. Star Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 77. Star Milling Recent Developments
Table 78. Orangeburg Milling Corporation Information
Table 79. Orangeburg Milling Description and Major Businesses
Table 80. Orangeburg Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 81. Orangeburg Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 82. Orangeburg Milling Recent Developments
Table 83. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Corporation Information
Table 84. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Description and Major Businesses
Table 85. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 86. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 87. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Recent Developments
Table 88. PRESTAGE FARMS Corporation Information
Table 89. PRESTAGE FARMS Description and Major Businesses
Table 90. PRESTAGE FARMS Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 91. PRESTAGE FARMS Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 92. PRESTAGE FARMS Recent Developments
Table 93. Kalmbach Corporation Information
Table 94. Kalmbach Description and Major Businesses
Table 95. Kalmbach Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 96. Kalmbach Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 97. Kalmbach Recent Developments
Table 98. Mars Horsecare Corporation Information
Table 99. Mars Horsecare Description and Major Businesses
Table 100. Mars Horsecare Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 101. Mars Horsecare Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 102. Mars Horsecare Recent Developments
Table 103. Mercer Milling Corporation Information
Table 104. Mercer Milling Description and Major Businesses
Table 105. Mercer Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 106. Mercer Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 107. Mercer Milling Recent Developments
Table 108. LMF Feeds Corporation Information
Table 109. LMF Feeds Description and Major Businesses
Table 110. LMF Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Gross Margin (US$/MT) (2016-2021)
Table 111. LMF Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Product
Table 112. LMF Feeds Recent Developments
Table 113. Compound Feeds and Additives Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in United States Market, 2019-2021 (K MT)
Table 114. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 115. Compound Feeds and Additives Market Opportunities & Trends in United States Market
Table 116. Compound Feeds and Additives Market Drivers in United States Market
Table 117. Compound Feeds and Additives Market Restraints in United States Market
Table 118. Compound Feeds and Additives Raw Materials
Table 119. Compound Feeds and Additives Raw Materials Suppliers in United States Market
Table 120. Typical Compound Feeds and Additives Downstream
Table 121. Compound Feeds and Additives Downstream Clients in United States Market
Table 122. Compound Feeds and Additives Distributors and Sales Agents in United States Market
List of FiguresFigure 1. Compound Feeds and Additives Product Picture
Figure 2. Compound Feeds and Additives Segment by Type
Figure 3. Compound Feeds and Additives Segment by Application
Figure 4. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Overview: 2020
Figure 5. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Compound Feeds and Additives Sales in United States Market: 2016-2027 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. Pellets Feed and Additives Product Picture
Figure 10. Powder Feed and Additives Product Picture
Figure 11. Liquid Feed and Additives Product Picture
Figure 12. Others Feed and Additives Product Picture
Figure 13. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Type - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Price (US$/MT), 2016-2027
Figure 16. Poultry
Figure 17. Pig
Figure 18. Ruminant
Figure 19. Others
Figure 20. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 21. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Application - United States Compound Feeds and Additives Price (US$/MT), 2016-2027
Figure 23. Cargill Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 24. Purina Animal Nutrition Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Tyson Foods Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Kent Corporation Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 27. White Oak Mills Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Wenger Group Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Alltech Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 30. Hi-Pro Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 31. Alan Ritchey Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 32. Albers Animal Feed Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 33. Star Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 34. Orangeburg Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 35. BRYANT GRAIN COMPANY Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 36. PRESTAGE FARMS Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 37. Kalmbach Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 38. Mars Horsecare Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 39. Mercer Milling Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 40. LMF Feeds Compound Feeds and Additives Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2016-2021)
Figure 41. United States Compound Feeds and Additives Production Capacity (K MT), 2016-2027
Figure 42. Compound Feeds and Additives Industry Value Chain
Figure 43. Marketing Channels