Global (United States, European Union and China) Tubing Spools Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Tubing Spools Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Single Versions
1.3.3 Dual Versions
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Tubing Spools Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Well Testing
1.4.3 Well Completion
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Tubing Spools Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Tubing Spools Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Tubing Spools Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Tubing Spools Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Tubing Spools Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Tubing Spools Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Tubing Spools Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Tubing Spools Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Tubing Spools Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Tubing Spools Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Tubing Spools Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Tubing Spools Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Tubing Spools Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Single Versions Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Dual Versions Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Tubing Spools Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Tubing Spools Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Tubing Spools Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Tubing Spools Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Tubing Spools Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Tubing Spools Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Tubing Spools Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Tubing Spools Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Tubing Spools Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Tubing Spools Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Tubing Spools Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Tubing Spools Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Tubing Spools Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Tubing Spools Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Tubing Spools Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Delta Corporation
8.1.1 Delta Corporation Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.1.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.1.5 Delta Corporation Recent Development
8.2 Jereh Oilfield Equipment
8.2.1 Jereh Oilfield Equipment Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.2.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.2.5 Jereh Oilfield Equipment Recent Development
8.3 Integrated Equipment
8.3.1 Integrated Equipment Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.3.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.3.5 Integrated Equipment Recent Development
8.4 TSC
8.4.1 TSC Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.4.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.4.5 TSC Recent Development
8.5 WRAYLINE
8.5.1 WRAYLINE Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.5.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.5.5 WRAYLINE Recent Development
8.6 Sunnda
8.6.1 Sunnda Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.6.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.6.5 Sunnda Recent Development
8.7 Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD
8.7.1 Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.7.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.7.5 Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Recent Development
8.8 GE Oil & Gas
8.8.1 GE Oil & Gas Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.8.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.8.5 GE Oil & Gas Recent Development
8.9 JMP Petroleum Technologies
8.9.1 JMP Petroleum Technologies Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.9.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.9.5 JMP Petroleum Technologies Recent Development
8.10 HRSB
8.10.1 HRSB Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Tubing Spools
8.10.4 Tubing Spools Product Introduction
8.10.5 HRSB Recent Development
8.11 SHENKAI
8.12 MSP
8.13 Weir
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Tubing Spools Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Tubing Spools Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Tubing Spools Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Tubing Spools Sales Channels
10.2.2 Tubing Spools Distributors
10.3 Tubing Spools Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Tubing Spools Product Picture
Table Tubing Spools Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Tubing Spools Covered in This Report
Table Global Tubing Spools Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Single Versions Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Single Versions
Figure Dual Versions Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Dual Versions
Table Global Tubing Spools Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Well Testing Use Case
Figure Well Completion Use Case
Figure Tubing Spools Report Years Considered
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Tubing Spools Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Tubing Spools Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Tubing Spools Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tubing Spools Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Tubing Spools Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Tubing Spools Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Tubing Spools Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Tubing Spools Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Tubing Spools Market
Table Key Manufacturers Tubing Spools Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Single Versions Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Dual Versions Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Tubing Spools Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Tubing Spools Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Tubing Spools Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Tubing Spools Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Tubing Spools Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Tubing Spools Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Tubing Spools Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Tubing Spools Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tubing Spools Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Tubing Spools Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Tubing Spools Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Tubing Spools Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Tubing Spools Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Tubing Spools Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Tubing Spools Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tubing Spools Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Delta Corporation Company Details
Table Delta Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Delta Corporation Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Delta Corporation Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Delta Corporation Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Delta Corporation Recent Development
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Company Details
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Description and Business Overview
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Jereh Oilfield Equipment Recent Development
Table Integrated Equipment Company Details
Table Integrated Equipment Description and Business Overview
Table Integrated Equipment Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Integrated Equipment Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Integrated Equipment Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Integrated Equipment Recent Development
Table TSC Company Details
Table TSC Description and Business Overview
Table TSC Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table TSC Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table TSC Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table TSC Recent Development
Table WRAYLINE Company Details
Table WRAYLINE Description and Business Overview
Table WRAYLINE Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table WRAYLINE Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table WRAYLINE Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table WRAYLINE Recent Development
Table Sunnda Company Details
Table Sunnda Description and Business Overview
Table Sunnda Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Sunnda Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Sunnda Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Sunnda Recent Development
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Company Details
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Description and Business Overview
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Yancheng Sanyi Petrochemical Machinery Co., LTD Recent Development
Table GE Oil & Gas Company Details
Table GE Oil & Gas Description and Business Overview
Table GE Oil & Gas Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GE Oil & Gas Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GE Oil & Gas Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table GE Oil & Gas Recent Development
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Company Details
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table JMP Petroleum Technologies Recent Development
Table HRSB Company Details
Table HRSB Description and Business Overview
Table HRSB Tubing Spools Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table HRSB Tubing Spools Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table HRSB Tubing Spools Production Market Share in Global Market
Table HRSB Recent Development
Table SHENKAI Company Details
Table MSP Company Details
Table Weir Company Details
Table Global Tubing Spools Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Tubing Spools Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Tubing Spools Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Tubing Spools Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tubing Spools Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Tubing Spools Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Tubing Spools Value Chain
Table Tubing Spools Distributors List
Table Tubing Spools Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources