Global (United States, European Union and China) Sweet Red Wine Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Still Wines
1.3.3 Sparkling Wines
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Daily Meals
1.4.3 Social Occasions
1.4.4 Entertainment Venues
1.4.5 Other Situations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Market Size
2.1.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Sweet Red Wine Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Regions 2014-2019
2.2.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Regions 2014-2019
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Sweet Red Wine Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Sweet Red Wine Sales by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.1.2 Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Sweet Red Wine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Sweet Red Wine Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Sweet Red Wine Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Sweet Red Wine Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Still Wines Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Sparkling Wines Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Sweet Red Wine Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 E&J Gallo Winery (USA)
10.1.1 E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.1.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.1.5 E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Recent Development
10.2 Constellation (USA)
10.2.1 Constellation (USA) Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.2.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.2.5 Constellation (USA) Recent Development
10.3 Castel (France)
10.3.1 Castel (France) Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.3.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.3.5 Castel (France) Recent Development
10.4 The Wine Group (USA)
10.4.1 The Wine Group (USA) Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.4.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.4.5 The Wine Group (USA) Recent Development
10.5 Accolade Wines (South Australia)
10.5.1 Accolade Wines (South Australia) Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.5.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.5.5 Accolade Wines (South Australia) Recent Development
10.6 Concha y Toro (Chile)
10.6.1 Concha y Toro (Chile) Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.6.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.6.5 Concha y Toro (Chile) Recent Development
10.7 Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia)
10.7.1 Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.7.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.7.5 Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Recent Development
10.8 Trinchero Family (USA)
10.8.1 Trinchero Family (USA) Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.8.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.8.5 Trinchero Family (USA) Recent Development
10.9 Pernod-Ricard (France)
10.9.1 Pernod-Ricard (France) Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.9.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.9.5 Pernod-Ricard (France) Recent Development
10.10 Diageo (UK)
10.10.1 Diageo (UK) Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Sweet Red Wine
10.10.4 Sweet Red Wine Product Introduction
10.10.5 Diageo (UK) Recent Development
10.11 Casella Wines (Australia)
10.12 Changyu Group
10.13 Kendall-Jackson Vineyard Estates
10.14 GreatWall (China)
10.15 Dynasty (China)
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Sweet Red Wine Sales Channels
11.2.2 Sweet Red Wine Distributors
11.3 Sweet Red Wine Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales and Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
12.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Sweet Red Wine Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.4.2 Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Sweet Red Wine Product Picture
Table Sweet Red Wine Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Covered in This Report
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Still Wines Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Still Wines
Figure Sparkling Wines Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Sparkling Wines
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Daily Meals Use Case
Figure Social Occasions Use Case
Figure Entertainment Venues Use Case
Figure Other Situations Use Case
Figure Sweet Red Wine Report Years Considered
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Sweet Red Wine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Sweet Red Wine Value Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Price (2014-2019) (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Sweet Red Wine Market
Table Key Manufacturers Sweet Red Wine Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Still Wines Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Sparkling Wines Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Sweet Red Wine Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Type
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Market Share by Application in 2019
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Japan Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Sweet Red Wine Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Company Details
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Description and Business Overview
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table E&J Gallo Winery (USA) Recent Development
Table Constellation (USA) Company Details
Table Constellation (USA) Description and Business Overview
Table Constellation (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Constellation (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Constellation (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Constellation (USA) Recent Development
Table Castel (France) Company Details
Table Castel (France) Description and Business Overview
Table Castel (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Castel (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Castel (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Castel (France) Recent Development
Table The Wine Group (USA) Company Details
Table The Wine Group (USA) Description and Business Overview
Table The Wine Group (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table The Wine Group (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table The Wine Group (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table The Wine Group (USA) Recent Development
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Company Details
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Description and Business Overview
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Accolade Wines (South Australia) Recent Development
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Company Details
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Description and Business Overview
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Concha y Toro (Chile) Recent Development
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Company Details
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Description and Business Overview
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Treasury Wine Estates (TWE) (Australia) Recent Development
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Company Details
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Description and Business Overview
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Trinchero Family (USA) Recent Development
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Company Details
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Description and Business Overview
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Pernod-Ricard (France) Recent Development
Table Diageo (UK) Company Details
Table Diageo (UK) Description and Business Overview
Table Diageo (UK) Sweet Red Wine Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Diageo (UK) Sweet Red Wine Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Diageo (UK) Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Diageo (UK) Recent Development
Table Casella Wines (Australia) Company Details
Table Changyu Group Company Details
Table Kendall-Jackson Vineyard Estates Company Details
Table GreatWall (China) Company Details
Table Dynasty (China) Company Details
Figure Sweet Red Wine Value Chain
Table Sweet Red Wine Distributors List
Table Sweet Red Wine Customers List
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Sweet Red Wine Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure United States Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure European Union Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure India Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Sweet Red Wine Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Sweet Red Wine Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources