Global (United States, European Union and China) Side by Side Refrigerators Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Under 15 cu.ft.
1.3.3 15 - 20 cu.ft.
1.3.4 20 - 25 cu.ft.
1.3.5 Above 25 cu.ft.
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Home
1.4.3 Commerical
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Size
2.1.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Side by Side Refrigerators Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Regions 2014-2019
2.2.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Regions 2014-2019
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.1.2 Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Side by Side Refrigerators Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Side by Side Refrigerators Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Under 15 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.2 15 - 20 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.3 20 - 25 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Above 25 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Haier
10.1.1 Haier Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.1.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.1.5 Haier Recent Development
10.2 Whirlpool Corporation
10.2.1 Whirlpool Corporation Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.2.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.2.5 Whirlpool Corporation Recent Development
10.3 Electrolux
10.3.1 Electrolux Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.3.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.3.5 Electrolux Recent Development
10.4 Midea
10.4.1 Midea Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.4.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.4.5 Midea Recent Development
10.5 Samsung
10.5.1 Samsung Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.5.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.5.5 Samsung Recent Development
10.6 Bosch
10.6.1 Bosch Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.6.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.6.5 Bosch Recent Development
10.7 LG
10.7.1 LG Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.7.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.7.5 LG Recent Development
10.8 Meiling
10.8.1 Meiling Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.8.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.8.5 Meiling Recent Development
10.9 Panasonic
10.9.1 Panasonic Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.9.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.9.5 Panasonic Recent Development
10.10 Arcelik A.S.
10.10.1 Arcelik A.S. Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Side by Side Refrigerators
10.10.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Product Introduction
10.10.5 Arcelik A.S. Recent Development
10.11 Sharp
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Channels
11.2.2 Side by Side Refrigerators Distributors
11.3 Side by Side Refrigerators Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales and Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
12.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Side by Side Refrigerators Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.4.2 Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Side by Side Refrigerators Product Picture
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Covered in This Report
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Under 15 cu.ft. Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Under 15 cu.ft.
Figure 15 - 20 cu.ft. Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of 15 - 20 cu.ft.
Figure 20 - 25 cu.ft. Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of 20 - 25 cu.ft.
Figure Above 25 cu.ft. Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Above 25 cu.ft.
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Home Use Case
Figure Commerical Use Case
Figure Side by Side Refrigerators Report Years Considered
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Side by Side Refrigerators Value Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Price (2014-2019) (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Side by Side Refrigerators Market
Table Key Manufacturers Side by Side Refrigerators Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Under 15 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global 15 - 20 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global 20 - 25 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Above 25 cu.ft. Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Type
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Market Share by Application in 2019
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Japan Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Haier Company Details
Table Haier Description and Business Overview
Table Haier Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Haier Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Haier Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Haier Recent Development
Table Whirlpool Corporation Company Details
Table Whirlpool Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Whirlpool Corporation Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Whirlpool Corporation Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Whirlpool Corporation Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Whirlpool Corporation Recent Development
Table Electrolux Company Details
Table Electrolux Description and Business Overview
Table Electrolux Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Electrolux Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Electrolux Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Electrolux Recent Development
Table Midea Company Details
Table Midea Description and Business Overview
Table Midea Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Midea Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Midea Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Midea Recent Development
Table Samsung Company Details
Table Samsung Description and Business Overview
Table Samsung Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Samsung Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Samsung Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Samsung Recent Development
Table Bosch Company Details
Table Bosch Description and Business Overview
Table Bosch Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bosch Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bosch Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Bosch Recent Development
Table LG Company Details
Table LG Description and Business Overview
Table LG Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table LG Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table LG Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table LG Recent Development
Table Meiling Company Details
Table Meiling Description and Business Overview
Table Meiling Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Meiling Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Meiling Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Meiling Recent Development
Table Panasonic Company Details
Table Panasonic Description and Business Overview
Table Panasonic Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Panasonic Recent Development
Table Arcelik A.S. Company Details
Table Arcelik A.S. Description and Business Overview
Table Arcelik A.S. Side by Side Refrigerators Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Arcelik A.S. Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Arcelik A.S. Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Arcelik A.S. Recent Development
Table Sharp Company Details
Figure Side by Side Refrigerators Value Chain
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Distributors List
Table Side by Side Refrigerators Customers List
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure United States Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure European Union Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure India Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Side by Side Refrigerators Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Side by Side Refrigerators Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources