Global (United States, European Union and China) Rotary Compressors Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Rotary Compressors Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Rotary screw compressors
1.3.3 Rotary scroll compressor
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Rotary Compressors Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Domestic
1.4.3 Small Commercial
1.4.4 Commercial
1.4.5 Industrial
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Rotary Compressors Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Rotary Compressors Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Rotary Compressors Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Rotary Compressors Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Rotary Compressors Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Rotary Compressors Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Rotary Compressors Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Rotary Compressors Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Rotary Compressors Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Rotary Compressors Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Rotary Compressors Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Rotary screw compressors Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Rotary scroll compressor Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Rotary Compressors Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Rotary Compressors Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Rotary Compressors Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Rotary Compressors Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Rotary Compressors Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Rotary Compressors Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Rotary Compressors Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Landa
8.1.1 Landa Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.1.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.1.5 Landa Recent Development
8.2 GMCC
8.2.1 GMCC
Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.2.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.2.5 GMCC
Recent Development
8.3 Highly
8.3.1 Highly
Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.3.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.3.5 Highly
Recent Development
8.4 Panasonic
8.4.1 Panasonic
Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.4.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.4.5 Panasonic
Recent Development
8.5 RECHI Group
8.5.1 RECHI Group
Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.5.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.5.5 RECHI Group
Recent Development
8.6 Johnson Controls - Hitachi
8.6.1 Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.6.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.6.5 Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Recent Development
8.7 Embraco
8.7.1 Embraco Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.7.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.7.5 Embraco Recent Development
8.8 LG
8.8.1 LG Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.8.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.8.5 LG Recent Development
8.9 Samsung
8.9.1 Samsung Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.9.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.9.5 Samsung Recent Development
8.10 Emerson
8.10.1 Emerson Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Rotary Compressors
8.10.4 Rotary Compressors Product Introduction
8.10.5 Emerson Recent Development
8.11 Tecumseh
8.12 Carlyle Compressors
8.13 Bitzer
8.14 Fusheng Industrial
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Rotary Compressors Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Rotary Compressors Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Rotary Compressors Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Rotary Compressors Sales Channels
10.2.2 Rotary Compressors Distributors
10.3 Rotary Compressors Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Rotary Compressors Product Picture
Table Rotary Compressors Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Covered in This Report
Table Global Rotary Compressors Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Rotary screw compressors Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Rotary screw compressors
Figure Rotary scroll compressor Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Rotary scroll compressor
Table Global Rotary Compressors Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Domestic Use Case
Figure Small Commercial Use Case
Figure Commercial Use Case
Figure Industrial Use Case
Figure Rotary Compressors Report Years Considered
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Rotary Compressors Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Rotary Compressors Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Rotary Compressors Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Rotary Compressors Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Rotary Compressors Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Rotary Compressors Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Rotary Compressors Market
Table Key Manufacturers Rotary Compressors Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Rotary screw compressors Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary scroll compressor Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Rotary Compressors Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Rotary Compressors Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Rotary Compressors Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Rotary Compressors Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Rotary Compressors Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Rotary Compressors Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotary Compressors Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotary Compressors Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Landa Company Details
Table Landa Description and Business Overview
Table Landa Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Landa Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Landa Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Landa Recent Development
Table GMCC
Company Details
Table GMCC
Description and Business Overview
Table GMCC
Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GMCC
Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GMCC
Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table GMCC
Recent Development
Table Highly
Company Details
Table Highly
Description and Business Overview
Table Highly
Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Highly
Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Highly
Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Highly
Recent Development
Table Panasonic
Company Details
Table Panasonic
Description and Business Overview
Table Panasonic
Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic
Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic
Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Panasonic
Recent Development
Table RECHI Group
Company Details
Table RECHI Group
Description and Business Overview
Table RECHI Group
Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table RECHI Group
Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table RECHI Group
Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table RECHI Group
Recent Development
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Company Details
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Description and Business Overview
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Johnson Controls - Hitachi
Recent Development
Table Embraco Company Details
Table Embraco Description and Business Overview
Table Embraco Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Embraco Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Embraco Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Embraco Recent Development
Table LG Company Details
Table LG Description and Business Overview
Table LG Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table LG Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table LG Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table LG Recent Development
Table Samsung Company Details
Table Samsung Description and Business Overview
Table Samsung Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Samsung Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Samsung Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Samsung Recent Development
Table Emerson Company Details
Table Emerson Description and Business Overview
Table Emerson Rotary Compressors Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Emerson Rotary Compressors Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Emerson Rotary Compressors Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Emerson Recent Development
Table Tecumseh Company Details
Table Carlyle Compressors Company Details
Table Bitzer Company Details
Table Fusheng Industrial Company Details
Table Global Rotary Compressors Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Rotary Compressors Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Rotary Compressors Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotary Compressors Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Rotary Compressors Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Rotary Compressors Value Chain
Table Rotary Compressors Distributors List
Table Rotary Compressors Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources