Global (United States, European Union and China) Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Fully Automatic
1.3.3 Semi-Automatic
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Meat, poultry, and seafood
1.4.3 Bakery
1.4.4 Dairy
1.4.5 Other
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Fully Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Semi-Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Hollymatic
8.1.1 Hollymatic Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.1.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.1.5 Hollymatic Recent Development
8.2 JBT
8.2.1 JBT Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.2.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.2.5 JBT Recent Development
8.3 Marel
8.3.1 Marel Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.3.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.3.5 Marel Recent Development
8.4 MARELEC Food Technologies
8.4.1 MARELEC Food Technologies Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.4.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.4.5 MARELEC Food Technologies Recent Development
8.5 TREIF
8.5.1 TREIF Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.5.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.5.5 TREIF Recent Development
8.6 Vemag Maschinenbau
8.6.1 Vemag Maschinenbau Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Industrial Food Portioning Machines
8.6.4 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Introduction
8.6.5 Vemag Maschinenbau Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Sales Channels
10.2.2 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Distributors
10.3 Industrial Food Portioning Machines Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Picture
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Covered in This Report
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Fully Automatic Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Fully Automatic
Figure Semi-Automatic Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Semi-Automatic
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Meat, poultry, and seafood Use Case
Figure Bakery Use Case
Figure Dairy Use Case
Figure Other Use Case
Figure Industrial Food Portioning Machines Report Years Considered
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Industrial Food Portioning Machines Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market
Table Key Manufacturers Industrial Food Portioning Machines Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Fully Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Semi-Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Industrial Food Portioning Machines Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Hollymatic Company Details
Table Hollymatic Description and Business Overview
Table Hollymatic Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hollymatic Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Hollymatic Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Hollymatic Recent Development
Table JBT Company Details
Table JBT Description and Business Overview
Table JBT Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table JBT Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table JBT Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table JBT Recent Development
Table Marel Company Details
Table Marel Description and Business Overview
Table Marel Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Marel Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Marel Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Marel Recent Development
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Company Details
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table MARELEC Food Technologies Recent Development
Table TREIF Company Details
Table TREIF Description and Business Overview
Table TREIF Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table TREIF Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table TREIF Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table TREIF Recent Development
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Company Details
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Description and Business Overview
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Vemag Maschinenbau Recent Development
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Industrial Food Portioning Machines Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Industrial Food Portioning Machines Value Chain
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Distributors List
Table Industrial Food Portioning Machines Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources