Global (United States, European Union and China) Functional Mushroom Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Functional Mushroom Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Reishi
1.3.3 Cordyceps
1.3.4 Lion's Mane
1.3.5 Shiitake
1.3.6 Chaga
1.3.7 Turkey Tail
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Food Service
1.4.3 Personal Care
1.4.4 Pharmaceutical
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Functional Mushroom Market Size
2.1.1 Global Functional Mushroom Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Functional Mushroom Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Functional Mushroom Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Regions 2014-2019
2.2.2 Global Functional Mushroom Revenue by Regions 2014-2019
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Functional Mushroom Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Functional Mushroom Sales by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.1.2 Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Functional Mushroom Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Functional Mushroom Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Functional Mushroom Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Functional Mushroom Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Functional Mushroom Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Reishi Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Cordyceps Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Lion's Mane Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Shiitake Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.5 Chaga Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.6 Turkey Tail Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.7 Others Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Functional Mushroom Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Functional Mushroom Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Half Hill Farm
10.1.1 Half Hill Farm Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.1.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.1.5 Half Hill Farm Recent Development
10.2 Zerif Lite
10.2.1 Zerif Lite Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.2.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.2.5 Zerif Lite Recent Development
10.3 Real Mushrooms
10.3.1 Real Mushrooms Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.3.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.3.5 Real Mushrooms Recent Development
10.4 Pan's Mushroom Jerky
10.4.1 Pan's Mushroom Jerky Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.4.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.4.5 Pan's Mushroom Jerky Recent Development
10.5 Yuguo Farms
10.5.1 Yuguo Farms Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.5.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.5.5 Yuguo Farms Recent Development
10.6 Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition
10.6.1 Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.6.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.6.5 Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Recent Development
10.7 Rebbl
10.7.1 Rebbl Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.7.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.7.5 Rebbl Recent Development
10.8 Kettle and Fire
10.8.1 Kettle and Fire Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.8.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.8.5 Kettle and Fire Recent Development
10.9 Alaffia
10.9.1 Alaffia Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.9.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.9.5 Alaffia Recent Development
10.10 Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti
10.10.1 Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Functional Mushroom
10.10.4 Functional Mushroom Product Introduction
10.10.5 Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Recent Development
10.11 Dr. Joseph Mercola.
10.12 Sotru
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Functional Mushroom Sales Channels
11.2.2 Functional Mushroom Distributors
11.3 Functional Mushroom Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Functional Mushroom Sales and Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
12.2 Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Functional Mushroom Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.4.2 Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Functional Mushroom Product Picture
Table Functional Mushroom Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Covered in This Report
Table Global Functional Mushroom Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Reishi Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Reishi
Figure Cordyceps Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Cordyceps
Figure Lion's Mane Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Lion's Mane
Figure Shiitake Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Shiitake
Figure Chaga Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Chaga
Figure Turkey Tail Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Turkey Tail
Figure Others Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Global Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Food Service Use Case
Figure Personal Care Use Case
Figure Pharmaceutical Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Functional Mushroom Report Years Considered
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Functional Mushroom Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Functional Mushroom Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Functional Mushroom Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Functional Mushroom Value Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Global Functional Mushroom Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Price (2014-2019) (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Functional Mushroom Market
Table Key Manufacturers Functional Mushroom Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Reishi Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Cordyceps Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Lion's Mane Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Shiitake Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Chaga Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Turkey Tail Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Others Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Functional Mushroom Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Functional Mushroom Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure European Union Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Functional Mushroom Market Share by Type
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application
Figure China Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Market Share by Application in 2019
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Japan Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Japan Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Functional Mushroom Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Half Hill Farm Company Details
Table Half Hill Farm Description and Business Overview
Table Half Hill Farm Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Half Hill Farm Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Half Hill Farm Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Half Hill Farm Recent Development
Table Zerif Lite Company Details
Table Zerif Lite Description and Business Overview
Table Zerif Lite Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Zerif Lite Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Zerif Lite Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Zerif Lite Recent Development
Table Real Mushrooms Company Details
Table Real Mushrooms Description and Business Overview
Table Real Mushrooms Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Real Mushrooms Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Real Mushrooms Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Real Mushrooms Recent Development
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Company Details
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Description and Business Overview
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Pan's Mushroom Jerky Recent Development
Table Yuguo Farms Company Details
Table Yuguo Farms Description and Business Overview
Table Yuguo Farms Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Yuguo Farms Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Yuguo Farms Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Yuguo Farms Recent Development
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Company Details
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Description and Business Overview
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Om. Organic Mushroom Nutrition Recent Development
Table Rebbl Company Details
Table Rebbl Description and Business Overview
Table Rebbl Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Rebbl Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Rebbl Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Rebbl Recent Development
Table Kettle and Fire Company Details
Table Kettle and Fire Description and Business Overview
Table Kettle and Fire Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Kettle and Fire Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Kettle and Fire Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Kettle and Fire Recent Development
Table Alaffia Company Details
Table Alaffia Description and Business Overview
Table Alaffia Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Alaffia Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Alaffia Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Alaffia Recent Development
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Company Details
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Description and Business Overview
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Functional Mushroom Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Functional Mushroom Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Paul E. Stamets and Fungi Perfecti Recent Development
Table Dr. Joseph Mercola. Company Details
Table Sotru Company Details
Figure Functional Mushroom Value Chain
Table Functional Mushroom Distributors List
Table Functional Mushroom Customers List
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Functional Mushroom Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure European Union Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure India Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Functional Mushroom Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Functional Mushroom Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources