Global (United States, European Union and China) Electronic Toothbrush Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Vibration Motion
1.3.3 Rotation-Oscillation Motion
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Kids
1.4.3 Adults
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Electronic Toothbrush Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Electronic Toothbrush Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Electronic Toothbrush Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Electronic Toothbrush Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Electronic Toothbrush Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Vibration Motion Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Rotation-Oscillation Motion Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Electronic Toothbrush Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Koninklijke Philips
8.1.1 Koninklijke Philips Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.1.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.1.5 Koninklijke Philips Recent Development
8.2 Procter & Gamble
8.2.1 Procter & Gamble Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.2.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.2.5 Procter & Gamble Recent Development
8.3 Colgate-Palmolive Company
8.3.1 Colgate-Palmolive Company Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.3.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.3.5 Colgate-Palmolive Company Recent Development
8.4 Panasonic Corporation
8.4.1 Panasonic Corporation Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.4.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.4.5 Panasonic Corporation Recent Development
8.5 Water Pik
8.5.1 Water Pik Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.5.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.5.5 Water Pik Recent Development
8.6 Conair Corporation
8.6.1 Conair Corporation Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.6.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.6.5 Conair Corporation Recent Development
8.7 Mouth Watchers
8.7.1 Mouth Watchers Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.7.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.7.5 Mouth Watchers Recent Development
8.8 Omron Healthcare
8.8.1 Omron Healthcare Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Electronic Toothbrush
8.8.4 Electronic Toothbrush Product Introduction
8.8.5 Omron Healthcare Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Electronic Toothbrush Sales Channels
10.2.2 Electronic Toothbrush Distributors
10.3 Electronic Toothbrush Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Electronic Toothbrush Product Picture
Table Electronic Toothbrush Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Covered in This Report
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Vibration Motion Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Vibration Motion
Figure Rotation-Oscillation Motion Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Rotation-Oscillation Motion
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Kids Use Case
Figure Adults Use Case
Figure Electronic Toothbrush Report Years Considered
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Electronic Toothbrush Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Electronic Toothbrush Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Electronic Toothbrush Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Electronic Toothbrush Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Electronic Toothbrush Market
Table Key Manufacturers Electronic Toothbrush Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Vibration Motion Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Rotation-Oscillation Motion Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Electronic Toothbrush Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Electronic Toothbrush Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Koninklijke Philips Company Details
Table Koninklijke Philips Description and Business Overview
Table Koninklijke Philips Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Koninklijke Philips Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Koninklijke Philips Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Koninklijke Philips Recent Development
Table Procter & Gamble Company Details
Table Procter & Gamble Description and Business Overview
Table Procter & Gamble Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Procter & Gamble Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Procter & Gamble Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Procter & Gamble Recent Development
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Company Details
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Description and Business Overview
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Recent Development
Table Panasonic Corporation Company Details
Table Panasonic Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Panasonic Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Panasonic Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Panasonic Corporation Recent Development
Table Water Pik Company Details
Table Water Pik Description and Business Overview
Table Water Pik Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Water Pik Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Water Pik Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Water Pik Recent Development
Table Conair Corporation Company Details
Table Conair Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Conair Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Conair Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Conair Corporation Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Conair Corporation Recent Development
Table Mouth Watchers Company Details
Table Mouth Watchers Description and Business Overview
Table Mouth Watchers Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mouth Watchers Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mouth Watchers Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Mouth Watchers Recent Development
Table Omron Healthcare Company Details
Table Omron Healthcare Description and Business Overview
Table Omron Healthcare Electronic Toothbrush Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Omron Healthcare Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Omron Healthcare Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Omron Healthcare Recent Development
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Electronic Toothbrush Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Electronic Toothbrush Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Electronic Toothbrush Value Chain
Table Electronic Toothbrush Distributors List
Table Electronic Toothbrush Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources