Global (United States, European Union and China) Crustaceans Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Crustaceans Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Lobster
1.3.3 Shrimp
1.3.4 Crab
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Crustaceans Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Food Industry
1.4.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.4.4 Cosmetic Industry
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Crustaceans Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Crustaceans Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Crustaceans Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Crustaceans Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Crustaceans Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Crustaceans Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Crustaceans Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Crustaceans Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Crustaceans Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Crustaceans Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Crustaceans Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Crustaceans Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Crustaceans Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Lobster Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Shrimp Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Crab Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Crustaceans Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Crustaceans Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Crustaceans Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Crustaceans Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Crustaceans Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Crustaceans Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Crustaceans Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Crustaceans Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Crustaceans Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Crustaceans Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Crustaceans Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Crustaceans Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Crustaceans Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Crustaceans Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Crustaceans Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Charoen Pokphand Food
8.1.1 Charoen Pokphand Food Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.1.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.1.5 Charoen Pokphand Food Recent Development
8.2 High Liner Foods
8.2.1 High Liner Foods Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.2.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.2.5 High Liner Foods Recent Development
8.3 Royal Greenland
8.3.1 Royal Greenland Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.3.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.3.5 Royal Greenland Recent Development
8.4 The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family
8.4.1 The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.4.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.4.5 The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Recent Development
8.5 Ocean America Food
8.5.1 Ocean America Food Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.5.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.5.5 Ocean America Food Recent Development
8.6 Rich Products
8.6.1 Rich Products Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.6.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.6.5 Rich Products Recent Development
8.7 Trident Seafoods
8.7.1 Trident Seafoods Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.7.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.7.5 Trident Seafoods Recent Development
8.8 International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC)
8.8.1 International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.8.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.8.5 International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Recent Development
8.9 DNI
8.9.1 DNI Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.9.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.9.5 DNI Recent Development
8.10 Surapon Foods Public
8.10.1 Surapon Foods Public Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Crustaceans
8.10.4 Crustaceans Product Introduction
8.10.5 Surapon Foods Public Recent Development
8.11 Siam
8.12 Sirena
8.13 Morubel
8.14 Blue Star Seafood
8.15 Maruha Nichiro
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Crustaceans Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Crustaceans Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Crustaceans Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Crustaceans Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Crustaceans Sales Channels
10.2.2 Crustaceans Distributors
10.3 Crustaceans Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Crustaceans Product Picture
Table Crustaceans Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Crustaceans Covered in This Report
Table Global Crustaceans Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Crustaceans Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Lobster Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Lobster
Figure Shrimp Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Shrimp
Figure Crab Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Crab
Figure Others Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Global Crustaceans Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Food Industry Use Case
Figure Pharmaceutical Industry Use Case
Figure Cosmetic Industry Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Crustaceans Report Years Considered
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production 2014-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Capacity 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Capacity (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Price 2014-2025 (USD/MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Crustaceans Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Crustaceans Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Crustaceans Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Crustaceans Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Crustaceans Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Crustaceans Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Crustaceans Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Crustaceans Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Crustaceans Market
Table Key Manufacturers Crustaceans Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Lobster Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Shrimp Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Crab Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Crustaceans Production by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Crustaceans Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Crustaceans Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Crustaceans Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Crustaceans Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Crustaceans Import & Export (K MT)
Table European Union Crustaceans Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Crustaceans Import & Export (K MT)
Table China Crustaceans Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure China Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Crustaceans Import & Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Korea Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Crustaceans Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Crustaceans Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Crustaceans Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Crustaceans Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Crustaceans Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Crustaceans Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Crustaceans Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Crustaceans Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Crustaceans Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Crustaceans Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Company Details
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Description and Business Overview
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Charoen Pokphand Food Recent Development
Table High Liner Foods Company Details
Table High Liner Foods Description and Business Overview
Table High Liner Foods Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table High Liner Foods Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table High Liner Foods Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table High Liner Foods Recent Development
Table Royal Greenland Company Details
Table Royal Greenland Description and Business Overview
Table Royal Greenland Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Royal Greenland Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Royal Greenland Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Royal Greenland Recent Development
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Company Details
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Description and Business Overview
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table The Clover Leaf Seafoods Family Recent Development
Table Ocean America Food Company Details
Table Ocean America Food Description and Business Overview
Table Ocean America Food Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Ocean America Food Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Ocean America Food Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Ocean America Food Recent Development
Table Rich Products Company Details
Table Rich Products Description and Business Overview
Table Rich Products Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Rich Products Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Rich Products Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Rich Products Recent Development
Table Trident Seafoods Company Details
Table Trident Seafoods Description and Business Overview
Table Trident Seafoods Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Trident Seafoods Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Trident Seafoods Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Trident Seafoods Recent Development
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Company Details
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Description and Business Overview
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table International Fish Farming Holding Company(PSC) Recent Development
Table DNI Company Details
Table DNI Description and Business Overview
Table DNI Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table DNI Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table DNI Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table DNI Recent Development
Table Surapon Foods Public Company Details
Table Surapon Foods Public Description and Business Overview
Table Surapon Foods Public Crustaceans Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Surapon Foods Public Crustaceans Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Surapon Foods Public Crustaceans Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Surapon Foods Public Recent Development
Table Siam Company Details
Table Sirena Company Details
Table Morubel Company Details
Table Blue Star Seafood Company Details
Table Maruha Nichiro Company Details
Table Global Crustaceans Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Crustaceans Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table United States Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Crustaceans Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Crustaceans Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure China Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Crustaceans Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Crustaceans Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Crustaceans Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Crustaceans Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Crustaceans Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Crustaceans Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Crustaceans Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Crustaceans Value Chain
Table Crustaceans Distributors List
Table Crustaceans Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources