Global (United States, European Union and China) Composite Pipes Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Composite Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 14MM
1.3.3 26MM
1.3.4 63MM
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Composite Pipes Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Oil & Gas Industry
1.4.3 Construction Industry
1.4.4 Agriculture Industry
1.4.5 Food & Beverage Industry
1.4.6 Chemical Industry
1.4.7 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Composite Pipes Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Composite Pipes Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Composite Pipes Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Composite Pipes Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Composite Pipes Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Composite Pipes Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Composite Pipes Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Composite Pipes Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Composite Pipes Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Composite Pipes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Composite Pipes Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Composite Pipes Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Composite Pipes Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 14MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 26MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 63MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Composite Pipes Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Composite Pipes Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Composite Pipes Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Composite Pipes Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Composite Pipes Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Composite Pipes Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Composite Pipes Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Composite Pipes Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Composite Pipes Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Composite Pipes Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Composite Pipes Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Composite Pipes Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Composite Pipes Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Composite Pipes Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Composite Pipes Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 KiTEC
8.1.1 KiTEC Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.1.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.1.5 KiTEC Recent Development
8.2 Vasitars
8.2.1 Vasitars Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.2.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.2.5 Vasitars Recent Development
8.3 Jindal Pex Tibes
8.3.1 Jindal Pex Tibes Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.3.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.3.5 Jindal Pex Tibes Recent Development
8.4 Akiet
8.4.1 Akiet Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.4.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.4.5 Akiet Recent Development
8.5 KISAN
8.5.1 KISAN Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.5.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.5.5 KISAN Recent Development
8.6 Cerro Flow Product
8.6.1 Cerro Flow Product Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.6.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.6.5 Cerro Flow Product Recent Development
8.7 Furukawa Electric
8.7.1 Furukawa Electric Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.7.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.7.5 Furukawa Electric Recent Development
8.8 Cambridge-Lee
8.8.1 Cambridge-Lee Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.8.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.8.5 Cambridge-Lee Recent Development
8.9 SH Copper
8.9.1 SH Copper Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.9.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.9.5 SH Copper Recent Development
8.10 Wieland-Werke
8.10.1 Wieland-Werke Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Composite Pipes
8.10.4 Composite Pipes Product Introduction
8.10.5 Wieland-Werke Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Composite Pipes Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Composite Pipes Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Composite Pipes Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Composite Pipes Sales Channels
10.2.2 Composite Pipes Distributors
10.3 Composite Pipes Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Composite Pipes Product Picture
Table Composite Pipes Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Composite Pipes Covered in This Report
Table Global Composite Pipes Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure 14MM Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of 14MM
Figure 26MM Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of 26MM
Figure 63MM Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of 63MM
Figure Others Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Global Composite Pipes Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Oil & Gas Industry Use Case
Figure Construction Industry Use Case
Figure Agriculture Industry Use Case
Figure Food & Beverage Industry Use Case
Figure Chemical Industry Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Composite Pipes Report Years Considered
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Composite Pipes Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Composite Pipes Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Composite Pipes Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Composite Pipes Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Composite Pipes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Composite Pipes Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Composite Pipes Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Composite Pipes Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Composite Pipes Market
Table Key Manufacturers Composite Pipes Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global 14MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global 26MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global 63MM Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Composite Pipes Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Composite Pipes Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Composite Pipes Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Composite Pipes Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Composite Pipes Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Composite Pipes Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Composite Pipes Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Composite Pipes Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Composite Pipes Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Composite Pipes Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Composite Pipes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Composite Pipes Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Composite Pipes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Composite Pipes Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Composite Pipes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Composite Pipes Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table KiTEC Company Details
Table KiTEC Description and Business Overview
Table KiTEC Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KiTEC Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KiTEC Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table KiTEC Recent Development
Table Vasitars Company Details
Table Vasitars Description and Business Overview
Table Vasitars Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Vasitars Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Vasitars Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Vasitars Recent Development
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Company Details
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Description and Business Overview
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Jindal Pex Tibes Recent Development
Table Akiet Company Details
Table Akiet Description and Business Overview
Table Akiet Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Akiet Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Akiet Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Akiet Recent Development
Table KISAN Company Details
Table KISAN Description and Business Overview
Table KISAN Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KISAN Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KISAN Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table KISAN Recent Development
Table Cerro Flow Product Company Details
Table Cerro Flow Product Description and Business Overview
Table Cerro Flow Product Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Cerro Flow Product Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Cerro Flow Product Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Cerro Flow Product Recent Development
Table Furukawa Electric Company Details
Table Furukawa Electric Description and Business Overview
Table Furukawa Electric Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Furukawa Electric Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Furukawa Electric Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Furukawa Electric Recent Development
Table Cambridge-Lee Company Details
Table Cambridge-Lee Description and Business Overview
Table Cambridge-Lee Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Cambridge-Lee Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Cambridge-Lee Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Cambridge-Lee Recent Development
Table SH Copper Company Details
Table SH Copper Description and Business Overview
Table SH Copper Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SH Copper Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SH Copper Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table SH Copper Recent Development
Table Wieland-Werke Company Details
Table Wieland-Werke Description and Business Overview
Table Wieland-Werke Composite Pipes Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Wieland-Werke Composite Pipes Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Wieland-Werke Composite Pipes Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Wieland-Werke Recent Development
Table Global Composite Pipes Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Composite Pipes Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Composite Pipes Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Composite Pipes Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Composite Pipes Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Composite Pipes Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Composite Pipes Value Chain
Table Composite Pipes Distributors List
Table Composite Pipes Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources