Global (United States, European Union and China) Cashing Machine Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Cashing Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Class I:Department Number 8-15
1.3.3 Class II: Department Number 30-99
1.3.4 Class III: POS
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Cashing Machine Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Department Store
1.4.3 Supermarket
1.4.4 Hotel
1.4.5 Restaurant
1.4.6 Gas Station
1.4.7 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Cashing Machine Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Cashing Machine Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Cashing Machine Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Cashing Machine Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Cashing Machine Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Cashing Machine Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Cashing Machine Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Cashing Machine Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Cashing Machine Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Cashing Machine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Cashing Machine Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Cashing Machine Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Cashing Machine Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Class I:Department Number 8-15 Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Class II: Department Number 30-99 Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Class III: POS Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Cashing Machine Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Cashing Machine Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Cashing Machine Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Cashing Machine Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Cashing Machine Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Cashing Machine Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Cashing Machine Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Cashing Machine Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Cashing Machine Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Cashing Machine Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Cashing Machine Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Cashing Machine Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Cashing Machine Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Cashing Machine Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Cashing Machine Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Casio
8.1.1 Casio Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.1.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.1.5 Casio Recent Development
8.2 Sharp
8.2.1 Sharp Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.2.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.2.5 Sharp Recent Development
8.3 Royal Consumer Products
8.3.1 Royal Consumer Products Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.3.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.3.5 Royal Consumer Products Recent Development
8.4 Uniwell
8.4.1 Uniwell Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.4.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.4.5 Uniwell Recent Development
8.5 Touch Dynamic
8.5.1 Touch Dynamic Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.5.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.5.5 Touch Dynamic Recent Development
8.6 Xiamen Fiscat
8.6.1 Xiamen Fiscat Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.6.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.6.5 Xiamen Fiscat Recent Development
8.7 QUORiON
8.7.1 QUORiON Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.7.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.7.5 QUORiON Recent Development
8.8 SAM4s
8.8.1 SAM4s Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.8.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.8.5 SAM4s Recent Development
8.9 Datecs
8.9.1 Datecs Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.9.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.9.5 Datecs Recent Development
8.10 TCS
8.10.1 TCS Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Cashing Machine
8.10.4 Cashing Machine Product Introduction
8.10.5 TCS Recent Development
8.11 Cash Register Group
8.12 CHD
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Cashing Machine Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Cashing Machine Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Cashing Machine Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Cashing Machine Sales Channels
10.2.2 Cashing Machine Distributors
10.3 Cashing Machine Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Cashing Machine Product Picture
Table Cashing Machine Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Cashing Machine Covered in This Report
Table Global Cashing Machine Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Class I:Department Number 8-15 Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Class I:Department Number 8-15
Figure Class II: Department Number 30-99 Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Class II: Department Number 30-99
Figure Class III: POS Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Class III: POS
Figure Others Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Global Cashing Machine Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Department Store Use Case
Figure Supermarket Use Case
Figure Hotel Use Case
Figure Restaurant Use Case
Figure Gas Station Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Cashing Machine Report Years Considered
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Cashing Machine Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Cashing Machine Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Cashing Machine Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Cashing Machine Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Cashing Machine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Cashing Machine Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Cashing Machine Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Cashing Machine Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Cashing Machine Market
Table Key Manufacturers Cashing Machine Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Class I:Department Number 8-15 Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Class II: Department Number 30-99 Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Class III: POS Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Others Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Cashing Machine Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Cashing Machine Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Cashing Machine Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Cashing Machine Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Cashing Machine Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Cashing Machine Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Cashing Machine Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Cashing Machine Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cashing Machine Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Cashing Machine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Cashing Machine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Cashing Machine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Cashing Machine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Cashing Machine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Cashing Machine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cashing Machine Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Casio Company Details
Table Casio Description and Business Overview
Table Casio Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Casio Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Casio Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Casio Recent Development
Table Sharp Company Details
Table Sharp Description and Business Overview
Table Sharp Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Sharp Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Sharp Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Sharp Recent Development
Table Royal Consumer Products Company Details
Table Royal Consumer Products Description and Business Overview
Table Royal Consumer Products Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Royal Consumer Products Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Royal Consumer Products Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Royal Consumer Products Recent Development
Table Uniwell Company Details
Table Uniwell Description and Business Overview
Table Uniwell Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Uniwell Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Uniwell Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Uniwell Recent Development
Table Touch Dynamic Company Details
Table Touch Dynamic Description and Business Overview
Table Touch Dynamic Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Touch Dynamic Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Touch Dynamic Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Touch Dynamic Recent Development
Table Xiamen Fiscat Company Details
Table Xiamen Fiscat Description and Business Overview
Table Xiamen Fiscat Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Xiamen Fiscat Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Xiamen Fiscat Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Xiamen Fiscat Recent Development
Table QUORiON Company Details
Table QUORiON Description and Business Overview
Table QUORiON Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table QUORiON Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table QUORiON Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table QUORiON Recent Development
Table SAM4s Company Details
Table SAM4s Description and Business Overview
Table SAM4s Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SAM4s Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SAM4s Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table SAM4s Recent Development
Table Datecs Company Details
Table Datecs Description and Business Overview
Table Datecs Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Datecs Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Datecs Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Datecs Recent Development
Table TCS Company Details
Table TCS Description and Business Overview
Table TCS Cashing Machine Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table TCS Cashing Machine Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table TCS Cashing Machine Production Market Share in Global Market
Table TCS Recent Development
Table Cash Register Group Company Details
Table CHD Company Details
Table Global Cashing Machine Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Cashing Machine Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Cashing Machine Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Cashing Machine Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cashing Machine Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cashing Machine Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Cashing Machine Value Chain
Table Cashing Machine Distributors List
Table Cashing Machine Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources