Global (United States, European Union and China) Capsule Filler Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Capsule Filler Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Manual
1.3.3 Semi-automatic
1.3.4 Automatic
1.3.5 Visual Inspection
1.3.6 Imprinting
1.3.7 Weight Inspection?
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Capsule Filler Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Powder
1.4.3 Liquid
1.4.4 Granules
1.4.5 Tablet
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Capsule Filler Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Capsule Filler Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Capsule Filler Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Capsule Filler Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Capsule Filler Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Capsule Filler Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Capsule Filler Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Capsule Filler Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Capsule Filler Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Capsule Filler Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Capsule Filler Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Capsule Filler Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Capsule Filler Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Manual Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Semi-automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.4 Visual Inspection Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.5 Imprinting Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.6 Weight Inspection? Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Capsule Filler Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Capsule Filler Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Capsule Filler Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Capsule Filler Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Capsule Filler Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Capsule Filler Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Capsule Filler Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Capsule Filler Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Capsule Filler Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Capsule Filler Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Capsule Filler Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Capsule Filler Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Capsule Filler Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Capsule Filler Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Capsule Filler Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Qualicaps Inc.
8.1.1 Qualicaps Inc. Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.1.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.1.5 Qualicaps Inc. Recent Development
8.2 Bosch Packaging Technology
8.2.1 Bosch Packaging Technology Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.2.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.2.5 Bosch Packaging Technology Recent Development
8.3 Glenvale Packaging
8.3.1 Glenvale Packaging Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.3.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.3.5 Glenvale Packaging Recent Development
8.4 IMA Pharma
8.4.1 IMA Pharma Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.4.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.4.5 IMA Pharma Recent Development
8.5 MG America
8.5.1 MG America Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.5.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.5.5 MG America Recent Development
8.6 Capsugel Inc.
8.6.1 Capsugel Inc. Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.6.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.6.5 Capsugel Inc. Recent Development
8.7 Schaefer Technologies
8.7.1 Schaefer Technologies Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.7.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.7.5 Schaefer Technologies Recent Development
8.8 ACG Pam
8.8.1 ACG Pam Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.8.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.8.5 ACG Pam Recent Development
8.9 Harro Hofliger
8.9.1 Harro Hofliger Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Filler
8.9.4 Capsule Filler Product Introduction
8.9.5 Harro Hofliger Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Capsule Filler Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Capsule Filler Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Capsule Filler Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Capsule Filler Sales Channels
10.2.2 Capsule Filler Distributors
10.3 Capsule Filler Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Capsule Filler Product Picture
Table Capsule Filler Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Capsule Filler Covered in This Report
Table Global Capsule Filler Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Manual Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Manual
Figure Semi-automatic Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Semi-automatic
Figure Automatic Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Automatic
Figure Visual Inspection Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Visual Inspection
Figure Imprinting Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Imprinting
Figure Weight Inspection? Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Weight Inspection?
Table Global Capsule Filler Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Powder Use Case
Figure Liquid Use Case
Figure Granules Use Case
Figure Tablet Use Case
Figure Capsule Filler Report Years Considered
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Capsule Filler Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Filler Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Capsule Filler Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Capsule Filler Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Capsule Filler Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Capsule Filler Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Capsule Filler Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Capsule Filler Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Capsule Filler Market
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Filler Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Manual Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Semi-automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Automatic Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Visual Inspection Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Imprinting Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Weight Inspection? Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Capsule Filler Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Capsule Filler Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Capsule Filler Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Capsule Filler Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Filler Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Capsule Filler Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Capsule Filler Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Capsule Filler Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Filler Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Capsule Filler Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Capsule Filler Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Filler Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Capsule Filler Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Capsule Filler Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Capsule Filler Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Filler Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Qualicaps Inc. Company Details
Table Qualicaps Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table Qualicaps Inc. Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Qualicaps Inc. Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Qualicaps Inc. Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Qualicaps Inc. Recent Development
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Company Details
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Description and Business Overview
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Bosch Packaging Technology Recent Development
Table Glenvale Packaging Company Details
Table Glenvale Packaging Description and Business Overview
Table Glenvale Packaging Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Glenvale Packaging Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Glenvale Packaging Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Glenvale Packaging Recent Development
Table IMA Pharma Company Details
Table IMA Pharma Description and Business Overview
Table IMA Pharma Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table IMA Pharma Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table IMA Pharma Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table IMA Pharma Recent Development
Table MG America Company Details
Table MG America Description and Business Overview
Table MG America Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table MG America Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table MG America Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table MG America Recent Development
Table Capsugel Inc. Company Details
Table Capsugel Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table Capsugel Inc. Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Capsugel Inc. Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Capsugel Inc. Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Capsugel Inc. Recent Development
Table Schaefer Technologies Company Details
Table Schaefer Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table Schaefer Technologies Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Schaefer Technologies Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Schaefer Technologies Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Schaefer Technologies Recent Development
Table ACG Pam Company Details
Table ACG Pam Description and Business Overview
Table ACG Pam Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ACG Pam Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ACG Pam Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table ACG Pam Recent Development
Table Harro Hofliger Company Details
Table Harro Hofliger Description and Business Overview
Table Harro Hofliger Capsule Filler Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Harro Hofliger Capsule Filler Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Harro Hofliger Capsule Filler Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Harro Hofliger Recent Development
Table Global Capsule Filler Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Capsule Filler Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Filler Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Capsule Filler Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Filler Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Filler Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Capsule Filler Value Chain
Table Capsule Filler Distributors List
Table Capsule Filler Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources