Global (United States, European Union and China) Capsule Endoscopy System Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Capsule Endoscope
1.3.3 Workstations and Recorders
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Small Bowel Diseases
1.4.3 Esophageal Diseases
1.4.4 Colonic Diseases
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Capsule Endoscopy System Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Capsule Endoscopy System Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Capsule Endoscopy System Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Capsule Endoscopy System Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Capsule Endoscope Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Workstations and Recorders Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Given Imaging Ltd.
8.1.1 Given Imaging Ltd. Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.1.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.1.5 Given Imaging Ltd. Recent Development
8.2 Olympus Corporation
8.2.1 Olympus Corporation Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.2.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.2.5 Olympus Corporation Recent Development
8.3 IntroMedic Co. Ltd.
8.3.1 IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.3.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.3.5 IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Recent Development
8.4 CapsoVision Inc.
8.4.1 CapsoVision Inc. Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.4.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.4.5 CapsoVision Inc. Recent Development
8.5 Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd
8.5.1 Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.5.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.5.5 Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Recent Development
8.6 IntroMedic Co., Ltd.
8.6.1 IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Capsule Endoscopy System
8.6.4 Capsule Endoscopy System Product Introduction
8.6.5 IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Capsule Endoscopy System Sales Channels
10.2.2 Capsule Endoscopy System Distributors
10.3 Capsule Endoscopy System Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Capsule Endoscopy System Product Picture
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Covered in This Report
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Capsule Endoscope Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Capsule Endoscope
Figure Workstations and Recorders Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Workstations and Recorders
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Small Bowel Diseases Use Case
Figure Esophageal Diseases Use Case
Figure Colonic Diseases Use Case
Figure Capsule Endoscopy System Report Years Considered
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Capsule Endoscopy System Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Capsule Endoscopy System Market
Table Key Manufacturers Capsule Endoscopy System Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Capsule Endoscope Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Workstations and Recorders Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Capsule Endoscopy System Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Company Details
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Given Imaging Ltd. Recent Development
Table Olympus Corporation Company Details
Table Olympus Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Olympus Corporation Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Olympus Corporation Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Olympus Corporation Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Olympus Corporation Recent Development
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Company Details
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table IntroMedic Co. Ltd. Recent Development
Table CapsoVision Inc. Company Details
Table CapsoVision Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table CapsoVision Inc. Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CapsoVision Inc. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CapsoVision Inc. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table CapsoVision Inc. Recent Development
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Company Details
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Description and Business Overview
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Chongqing Jinshan Science & Technolgy (Group) Co. Ltd Recent Development
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Company Details
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share in Global Market
Table IntroMedic Co., Ltd. Recent Development
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Endoscopy System Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Capsule Endoscopy System Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Capsule Endoscopy System Value Chain
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Distributors List
Table Capsule Endoscopy System Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources