Global (United States, European Union and China) Avalanche Air Bags Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Mono Avalanche Air Bags
1.3.3 Dual Avalanche Air Bags
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Skiing
1.4.3 Hiking
1.4.4 Adventure Sports
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Size
2.1.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Avalanche Air Bags Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Regions 2014-2019
2.2.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Regions 2014-2019
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.1.2 Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Avalanche Air Bags Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Avalanche Air Bags Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Mono Avalanche Air Bags Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Dual Avalanche Air Bags Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Avalanche Air Bags Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 ABS Protection
10.1.1 ABS Protection Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.1.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.1.5 ABS Protection Recent Development
10.2 Mammut Sports Group
10.2.1 Mammut Sports Group Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.2.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.2.5 Mammut Sports Group Recent Development
10.3 K2 Sports
10.3.1 K2 Sports Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.3.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.3.5 K2 Sports Recent Development
10.4 Clarus (Black Diamond)
10.4.1 Clarus (Black Diamond) Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.4.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.4.5 Clarus (Black Diamond) Recent Development
10.5 VF Corporation (The North Face)
10.5.1 VF Corporation (The North Face) Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.5.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.5.5 VF Corporation (The North Face) Recent Development
10.6 Amer Sports (Arc'teryx)
10.6.1 Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.6.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.6.5 Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Recent Development
10.7 Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox)
10.7.1 Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.7.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.7.5 Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Recent Development
10.8 Arva Corporation
10.8.1 Arva Corporation Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.8.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.8.5 Arva Corporation Recent Development
10.9 Osprey Packs
10.9.1 Osprey Packs Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.9.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.9.5 Osprey Packs Recent Development
10.10 Mystery Ranch
10.10.1 Mystery Ranch Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Avalanche Air Bags
10.10.4 Avalanche Air Bags Product Introduction
10.10.5 Mystery Ranch Recent Development
10.11 Scotts Sports
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Avalanche Air Bags Sales Channels
11.2.2 Avalanche Air Bags Distributors
11.3 Avalanche Air Bags Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales and Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
12.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Avalanche Air Bags Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.4.2 Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Avalanche Air Bags Product Picture
Table Avalanche Air Bags Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Covered in This Report
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Mono Avalanche Air Bags Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Mono Avalanche Air Bags
Figure Dual Avalanche Air Bags Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Dual Avalanche Air Bags
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Skiing Use Case
Figure Hiking Use Case
Figure Adventure Sports Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Avalanche Air Bags Report Years Considered
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Avalanche Air Bags Value Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Price (2014-2019) (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Avalanche Air Bags Market
Table Key Manufacturers Avalanche Air Bags Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Mono Avalanche Air Bags Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Dual Avalanche Air Bags Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Avalanche Air Bags Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Type
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Market Share by Application in 2019
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Japan Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table ABS Protection Company Details
Table ABS Protection Description and Business Overview
Table ABS Protection Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ABS Protection Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ABS Protection Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table ABS Protection Recent Development
Table Mammut Sports Group Company Details
Table Mammut Sports Group Description and Business Overview
Table Mammut Sports Group Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mammut Sports Group Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mammut Sports Group Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Mammut Sports Group Recent Development
Table K2 Sports Company Details
Table K2 Sports Description and Business Overview
Table K2 Sports Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table K2 Sports Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table K2 Sports Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table K2 Sports Recent Development
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Company Details
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Description and Business Overview
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Clarus (Black Diamond) Recent Development
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Company Details
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Description and Business Overview
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table VF Corporation (The North Face) Recent Development
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Company Details
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Description and Business Overview
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Amer Sports (Arc'teryx) Recent Development
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Company Details
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Description and Business Overview
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Schwan-STABILO (Ortovox) Recent Development
Table Arva Corporation Company Details
Table Arva Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Arva Corporation Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Arva Corporation Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Arva Corporation Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Arva Corporation Recent Development
Table Osprey Packs Company Details
Table Osprey Packs Description and Business Overview
Table Osprey Packs Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Osprey Packs Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Osprey Packs Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Osprey Packs Recent Development
Table Mystery Ranch Company Details
Table Mystery Ranch Description and Business Overview
Table Mystery Ranch Avalanche Air Bags Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mystery Ranch Avalanche Air Bags Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mystery Ranch Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Mystery Ranch Recent Development
Table Scotts Sports Company Details
Figure Avalanche Air Bags Value Chain
Table Avalanche Air Bags Distributors List
Table Avalanche Air Bags Customers List
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure United States Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure European Union Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure India Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Avalanche Air Bags Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Avalanche Air Bags Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources