Global Railway Air Conditioning System Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Railway Air Conditioning System
1.1 Definition of Railway Air Conditioning System
1.2 Railway Air Conditioning System Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Roof mounted
1.2.3 Side mounted
1.2.4 Standalone
1.3 Railway Air Conditioning System Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Compressor
1.3.3 Evaporator
1.3.4 Drier/Receiver
1.3.5 Condenser
1.4 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Railway Air Conditioning System Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Railway Air Conditioning System
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Railway Air Conditioning System
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Railway Air Conditioning System Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Analysis
4.3 Railway Air Conditioning System Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Railway Air Conditioning System Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Railway Air Conditioning System Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue by Regions
5.2 Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.3.2 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
5.4 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.4.2 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
5.5 China Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.5.2 China Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
5.6 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.6.2 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
5.8 India Railway Air Conditioning System Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Railway Air Conditioning System Production
5.8.2 India Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Railway Air Conditioning System Import and Export
6 Railway Air Conditioning System Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production by Type
6.2 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue by Type
6.3 Railway Air Conditioning System Price by Type
7 Railway Air Conditioning System Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Railway Air Conditioning System Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation
8.1.1 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited
8.2.1 Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Emerson Electric Company
8.3.1 Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Emerson Electric Company Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Denso Corporation
8.4.1 Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Denso Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Hanon Systems
8.5.1 Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Hanon Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Valeo SA
8.6.1 Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Valeo SA Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Calsonic Kansei Corporation
8.7.1 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG
8.8.1 Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Mahile GmbH
8.9.1 Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Mahile GmbH Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Keihin Corporation
8.10.1 Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Keihin Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System Market
9.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Railway Air Conditioning System Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Railway Air Conditioning System Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Railway Air Conditioning System Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Railway Air Conditioning System Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Railway Air Conditioning System Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Railway Air Conditioning System
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Roof mounted Product Picture
Figure Side mounted Product Picture
Figure Standalone Product Picture
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Compressor
Figure Evaporator
Figure Drier/Receiver
Figure Condenser
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Railway Air Conditioning System Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Railway Air Conditioning System
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Railway Air Conditioning System
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Railway Air Conditioning System Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Railway Air Conditioning System Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Railway Air Conditioning System Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Railway Air Conditioning System Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Railway Air Conditioning System Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Lloyd Electric Engineering Limited Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Emerson Electric Company Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Denso Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Hanon Systems Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Valeo SA Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Calsonic Kansei Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Eberspaecher Holding GmbH & Co. KG Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mahile GmbH Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Sites and Area Served
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Keihin Corporation Railway Air Conditioning System Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Railway Air Conditioning System Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Railway Air Conditioning System Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Railway Air Conditioning System Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Railway Air Conditioning System by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Railway Air Conditioning System by Application (2019-2025)
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Distributors List
Table Railway Air Conditioning System Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources