Global Press Filter Market Insights, Forecast to 2025
Table of Contents1 Study Coverage
1.1 Press Filter Product
1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.4.1 Global Press Filter Market Size Growth Rate by Type
1.4.2 Chamber Filter Press
1.4.3 Plate And Frame Press Filter
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Press Filter Market Size Growth Rate by Application
1.5.2 Mining
1.5.3 Chemical
1.5.4 Building
1.5.5 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Press Filter Market Size
2.1.1 Global Press Filter Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Press Filter Production 2014-2025
2.2 Press Filter Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.3.2 Key Press Filter Manufacturers
2.3.2.1 Press Filter Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
2.3.2.2 Manufacturers Press Filter Product Offered
2.3.2.3 Date of Manufacturers Enter into Press Filter Market
2.4 Key Trends for Press Filter Markets & Products
3 Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1 Press Filter Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Press Filter Production by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Press Filter Production Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2 Press Filter Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Press Filter Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Press Filter Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.3 Press Filter Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Press Filter Production by Regions
4.1 Global Press Filter Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Regions
4.1.2 Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Regions
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Press Filter Production
4.2.2 United States Press Filter Revenue
4.2.3 Key Players in United States
4.2.4 United States Press Filter Import & Export
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Press Filter Production
4.3.2 Europe Press Filter Revenue
4.3.3 Key Players in Europe
4.3.4 Europe Press Filter Import & Export
4.4 China
4.4.1 China Press Filter Production
4.4.2 China Press Filter Revenue
4.4.3 Key Players in China
4.4.4 China Press Filter Import & Export
4.5 Japan
4.5.1 Japan Press Filter Production
4.5.2 Japan Press Filter Revenue
4.5.3 Key Players in Japan
4.5.4 Japan Press Filter Import & Export
4.6 Other Regions
4.6.1 South Korea
4.6.2 India
4.6.3 Southeast Asia
5 Press Filter Consumption by Regions
5.1 Global Press Filter Consumption by Regions
5.1.1 Global Press Filter Consumption by Regions
5.1.2 Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Regions
5.2 North America
5.2.1 North America Press Filter Consumption by Application
5.2.2 North America Press Filter Consumption by Countries
5.2.3 United States
5.2.4 Canada
5.2.5 Mexico
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Europe Press Filter Consumption by Application
5.3.2 Europe Press Filter Consumption by Countries
5.3.3 Germany
5.3.4 France
5.3.5 UK
5.3.6 Italy
5.3.7 Russia
5.4 Asia Pacific
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption by Application
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption by Countries
5.4.3 China
5.4.4 Japan
5.4.5 South Korea
5.4.6 India
5.4.7 Australia
5.4.8 Indonesia
5.4.9 Thailand
5.4.10 Malaysia
5.4.11 Philippines
5.4.12 Vietnam
5.5 Central & South America
5.5.1 Central & South America Press Filter Consumption by Application
5.5.2 Central & South America Press Filter Consumption by Country
5.5.3 Brazil
5.6 Middle East and Africa
5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption by Application
5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption by Countries
5.6.3 GCC Countries
5.6.4 Egypt
5.6.5 South Africa
6 Market Size by Type
6.1 Global Press Filter Production by Type
6.2 Global Press Filter Revenue by Type
6.3 Press Filter Price by Type
7 Market Size by Application
7.1 Overview
7.2 Global Press Filter Breakdown Dada by Application
7.2.1 Global Press Filter Consumption by Application
7.2.2 Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Manufacturers Profiles
8.1 M.W. Watermark
8.1.1 M.W. Watermark Company Details
8.1.2 Company Overview
8.1.3 M.W. Watermark Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 M.W. Watermark Press Filter Product Description
8.1.5 M.W. Watermark Recent Development
8.2 Evoqua Water Technologies
8.2.1 Evoqua Water Technologies Company Details
8.2.2 Company Overview
8.2.3 Evoqua Water Technologies Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Evoqua Water Technologies Press Filter Product Description
8.2.5 Evoqua Water Technologies Recent Development
8.3 WesTech Engineering
8.3.1 WesTech Engineering Company Details
8.3.2 Company Overview
8.3.3 WesTech Engineering Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 WesTech Engineering Press Filter Product Description
8.3.5 WesTech Engineering Recent Development
8.4 Multotec
8.4.1 Multotec Company Details
8.4.2 Company Overview
8.4.3 Multotec Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Multotec Press Filter Product Description
8.4.5 Multotec Recent Development
8.5 SINO
8.5.1 SINO Company Details
8.5.2 Company Overview
8.5.3 SINO Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 SINO Press Filter Product Description
8.5.5 SINO Recent Development
8.6 DZ
8.6.1 DZ Company Details
8.6.2 Company Overview
8.6.3 DZ Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 DZ Press Filter Product Description
8.6.5 DZ Recent Development
8.7 JinCheng
8.7.1 JinCheng Company Details
8.7.2 Company Overview
8.7.3 JinCheng Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 JinCheng Press Filter Product Description
8.7.5 JinCheng Recent Development
8.8 Uniwin
8.8.1 Uniwin Company Details
8.8.2 Company Overview
8.8.3 Uniwin Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Uniwin Press Filter Product Description
8.8.5 Uniwin Recent Development
8.9 Filter Solutions
8.9.1 Filter Solutions Company Details
8.9.2 Company Overview
8.9.3 Filter Solutions Press Filter Production Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Filter Solutions Press Filter Product Description
8.9.5 Filter Solutions Recent Development
9 Production Forecasts
9.1 Press Filter Production and Revenue Forecast
9.1.1 Global Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Press Filter Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.2 Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Regions
9.3 Press Filter Key Producers Forecast
9.3.1 United States
9.3.2 Europe
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.4 Forecast by Type
9.4.1 Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Type
9.4.2 Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Type
10 Consumption Forecast
10.1 Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Application
10.2 Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions
10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast
10.3.1 North America Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
10.3.2 United States
10.3.3 Canada
10.3.4 Mexico
10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast
10.4.1 Europe Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
10.4.2 Germany
10.4.3 France
10.4.4 UK
10.4.5 Italy
10.4.6 Russia
10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast
10.5.1 Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
10.5.2 China
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.4 South Korea
10.5.5 India
10.5.6 Australia
10.5.7 Indonesia
10.5.8 Thailand
10.5.9 Malaysia
10.5.10 Philippines
10.5.11 Vietnam
10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast
10.6.1 Central & South America Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
10.6.2 Brazil
10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast
10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
10.7.2 GCC Countries
10.7.3 Egypt
10.7.4 South Africa
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Press Filter Sales Channels
11.2.2 Press Filter Distributors
11.3 Press Filter Customers
12 Market Opportunities & Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
12.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers
12.2 Market Challenges
12.3 Market Risks/Restraints
13 Key Findings in the Global Press Filter Study
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Press Filter Product Picture
Table Press Filter Key Market Segments in This Study
Table Key Manufacturers Press Filter Covered in This Study
Table Global Press Filter Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share 2014-2025
Figure Chamber Filter Press Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Chamber Filter Press
Figure Plate And Frame Press Filter Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Plate And Frame Press Filter
Table Global Press Filter Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Mining
Figure Chemical
Figure Building
Figure Others
Figure Press Filter Report Years Considered
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2019-2025(K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Press Filter Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Press Filter Product Offered
Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Press Filter Market
Table Global Press Filter Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Press Filter Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Press Filter Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Press Filter Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Press Filter Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Press Filter Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Press Filter Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Press Filter Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Press Filter Import & Export
Figure Europe Press Filter Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Press Filter Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Press Filter Import & Export
Figure China Press Filter Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Press Filter Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Press Filter Import & Export
Figure Japan Press Filter Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Press Filter Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Press Filter Import & Export
Table Global Press Filter Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table North America Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 North America Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application
Table North America Press Filter Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 North America Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Canada Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Mexico Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Europe Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Europe Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 Europe Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Europe Press Filter Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 Europe Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure France Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure UK Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Italy Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Russia Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units)
Table Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Japan Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Australia Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Indonesia Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Thailand Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Malaysia Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Philippines Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Vietnam Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Central & South America Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units)
Table Central & South America Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Central & South America Press Filter Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Central & South America Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (K Units)
Table Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure GCC Countries Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Egypt Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure South Africa Press Filter Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Press Filter Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Press Filter Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Press Filter Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Press Filter Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Press Filter Value (Consumption) Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table M.W. Watermark Company Details
Table M.W. Watermark Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table M.W. Watermark Press Filter Recent Development
Table Evoqua Water Technologies Company Details
Table Evoqua Water Technologies Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Evoqua Water Technologies Press Filter Recent Development
Table WesTech Engineering Company Details
Table WesTech Engineering Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table WesTech Engineering Press Filter Recent Development
Table Multotec Company Details
Table Multotec Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Multotec Press Filter Recent Development
Table SINO Company Details
Table SINO Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SINO Press Filter Recent Development
Table DZ Company Details
Table DZ Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table DZ Press Filter Recent Development
Table JinCheng Company Details
Table JinCheng Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table JinCheng Press Filter Recent Development
Table Uniwin Company Details
Table Uniwin Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Uniwin Press Filter Recent Development
Table Filter Solutions Company Details
Table Filter Solutions Press Filter Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Filter Solutions Press Filter Recent Development
Figure Global Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure United States Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Europe Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Press Filter Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Press Filter Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Press Filter Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Press Filter Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table North America Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure United States Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Canada Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure MexicoPress Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Europe Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Germany Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure France Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure UK Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Italy Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Russia Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Asia Pacific Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Australia Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Indonesia Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Thailand Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Malaysia Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Philippines Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Vietnam Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Central & South America Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Brazil Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Middle East and Africa Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure GCC Countries Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Egypt Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure South Africa Press Filter Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Press Filter Value Chain
Table Press Filter Distributors List
Table Press Filter Customers List
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources