Global Osmometer Market Research Report 2020
Table of Contents1 Osmometer Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Osmometer
1.2 Osmometer Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Osmometer Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type 2020 VS 2026
1.2.2 Freezing Point Osmometer
1.2.3 Vapro Osmometer
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Osmometer Segment by Application
1.3.1 Osmometer Consumption Comparison by Application: 2020 VS 2026
1.3.2 Medical
1.3.3 Chemical & Bio Research
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Osmometer Market by Region
1.4.1 Global Osmometer Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2026
1.4.2 North America Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.4.3 Europe Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.4.4 China Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.4.5 Japan Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.5 Global Osmometer Growth Prospects
1.5.1 Global Osmometer Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.5.2 Global Osmometer Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
1.5.3 Global Osmometer Production Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Osmometer Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
2.2 Global Osmometer Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
2.3 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Osmometer Average Price by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
2.5 Manufacturers Osmometer Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Osmometer Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Osmometer Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global Top 3 and Top 5 Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production Capacity of Osmometer Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
3.2 Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
3.3 Global Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
3.4 North America Osmometer Production
3.4.1 North America Osmometer Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)
3.4.2 North America Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
3.5 Europe Osmometer Production
3.5.1 Europe Osmometer Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)
3.5.2 Europe Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
3.6 China Osmometer Production
3.6.1 China Osmometer Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)
3.6.2 China Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
3.7 Japan Osmometer Production
3.7.1 Japan Osmometer Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)
3.7.2 Japan Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4 Global Osmometer Consumption by Regions
4.1 Global Osmometer Consumption by Regions
4.1.1 Global Osmometer Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Osmometer Consumption by Countries
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Osmometer Consumption by Countries
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Osmometer Consumption by Countries
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Osmometer Production Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.2 Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.3 Global Osmometer Price by Type (2015-2020)
5.4 Global Osmometer Market Share by Price Tier (2015-2020): Low-End, Mid-Range and High-End
6 Global Osmometer Market Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
6.2 Global Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Osmometer Business
7.1 Advanced Instruments
7.1.1 Advanced Instruments Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.1.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.1.3 Advanced Instruments Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.2 Arkray
7.2.1 Arkray Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.2.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.2.3 Arkray Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.3 ELITech Group
7.3.1 ELITech Group Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.3.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.3.3 ELITech Group Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.4 Precision Systems
7.4.1 Precision Systems Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.4.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.4.3 Precision Systems Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.5 Gonotec
7.5.1 Gonotec Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.5.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.5.3 Gonotec Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.6 Knauer
7.6.1 Knauer Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.6.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.6.3 Knauer Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.7 Loser Messtechnik
7.7.1 Loser Messtechnik Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.7.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.7.3 Loser Messtechnik Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.8 Shanghai Medical University Instrument
7.8.1 Shanghai Medical University Instrument Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.8.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.8.3 Shanghai Medical University Instrument Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
7.9 Tianjin Tianhe
7.9.1 Tianjin Tianhe Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
7.9.2 Osmometer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
7.9.3 Tianjin Tianhe Osmometer Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
7.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8 Osmometer Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Osmometer Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Osmometer
8.4 Osmometer Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Osmometer Distributors List
9.3 Osmometer Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Market Trends
10.2 Opportunities and Drivers
10.3 Challenges
10.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Osmometer (2021-2026)
11.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Osmometer (2021-2026)
11.3 Global Forecasted Price of Osmometer (2021-2026)
11.4 Global Osmometer Production Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
11.4.1 North America Osmometer Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)
11.4.2 Europe Osmometer Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)
11.4.3 China Osmometer Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)
11.4.4 Japan Osmometer Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)
12 Consumption and Demand Fprecast
12.1 Global Forecasted and Consumption Demand Analysis of Osmometer
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Osmometer by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Osmometer by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Osmometer by Regions
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Osmometer
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2021-2026)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Osmometer by Type (2021-2026)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Osmometer by Type (2021-2026)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Price of Osmometer by Type (2021-2026)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Osmometer by Application (2021-2026)
14 Reseach Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Global Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2015-2026)
Table 2. Global Osmometer Market Size by Type (Units) (US$ Million) (2020 VS 2026)
Table 3. Global Osmometer Consumption (Units) Comparison by Application: 2020 VS 2026
Table 4. Global Osmometer Production (Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Osmometer Production (Units) by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
Table 6. Global Osmometer Production Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
Table 7. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
Table 8. Global Osmometer Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Osmometer as of 2019)
Table 10. Global Market Osmometer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2015-2020)
Table 11. Manufacturers Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Osmometer Product Types
Table 13. Global Osmometer Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14.Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Osmometer Capacity (Units) by Region (2015-2020)
Table 16. Global Osmometer Production (Units) by Region (2015-2020)
Table 17. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) by Region (2015-2020)
Table 18. Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Table 19. Global Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 20. North America Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 21. Europe Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 22. China Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 23. Japan Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 24. Global Osmometer Consumption (Units) Market by Region (2015-2020)
Table 25. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Table 26. North America Osmometer Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) (Units)
Table 27. Europe Osmometer Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) (Units)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) (Units)
Table 29. Latin America Osmometer Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) (Units)
Table 30. Global Osmometer Production (Units) by Type (2015-2020)
Table 31. Global Osmometer Production Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 32. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2015-2020)
Table 33. Global Osmometer Revenue Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 34. Global Osmometer Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2015-2020)
Table 35. Global Osmometer Consumption (Units) by Application (2015-2020)
Table 36. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 37. Global Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)
Table 38. Advanced Instruments Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 39. Advanced Instruments Production Sites and Area Served
Table 40. Advanced Instruments Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 41. Advanced Instruments Main Business and Markets Served
Table 42. Arkray Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 43. Arkray Production Sites and Area Served
Table 44. Arkray Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 45. Arkray Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. ELITech Group Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 47. ELITech Group Production Sites and Area Served
Table 48. ELITech Group Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 49. ELITech Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 50. Precision Systems Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 51. Precision Systems Production Sites and Area Served
Table 52. Precision Systems Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 53. Precision Systems Main Business and Markets Served
Table 54. Gonotec Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 55. Gonotec Production Sites and Area Served
Table 56. Gonotec Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 57. Gonotec Main Business and Markets Served
Table 58. Knauer Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 59. Knauer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 60. Knauer Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 61. Knauer Main Business and Markets Served
Table 62. Loser Messtechnik Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 63. Loser Messtechnik Production Sites and Area Served
Table 64. Loser Messtechnik Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 65. Loser Messtechnik Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. Shanghai Medical University Instrument Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 67. Shanghai Medical University Instrument Production Sites and Area Served
Table 68. Shanghai Medical University Instrument Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 69. Shanghai Medical University Instrument Main Business and Markets Served
Table 70. Tianjin Tianhe Osmometer Production Sites and Area Served
Table 71. Tianjin Tianhe Production Sites and Area Served
Table 72. Tianjin Tianhe Osmometer Production Capacity (Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table 73. Tianjin Tianhe Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 75. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 76. Osmometer Distributors List
Table 77. Osmometer Customers List
Table 78. Market Key Trends
Table 79. Key Opportunities and Drivers: Impact Analysis (2021-2026)
Table 80. Key Challenges
Table 81. Global Osmometer Production (Units) Forecast by Region (2021-2026)
Table 82. North America Osmometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2026 (Units) by Country
Table 83. Europe Osmometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2026 (Units) by Country
Table 84. Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2026 (Units) by Regions
Table 85. Latin America Osmometer Consumption Forecast 2021-2026 (Units) by Country
Table 86. Global Osmometer Consumption (Units) Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
Table 87. Global Osmometer Production (Units) Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Table 88. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Table 89. Global Osmometer Price (USD/Unit) Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Table 90. Global Osmometer Consumption (Units) Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Table 91.Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 92.Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 93.Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Picture of Osmometer
Figure 2. Global Osmometer Production Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2026
Figure 3. Freezing Point Osmometer Product Picture
Figure 4. Vapro Osmometer Product Picture
Figure 5. Others Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2026
Figure 7. Medical
Figure 8. Chemical & Bio Research
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. North America Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate (2015-2026)
Figure 11. Europe Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate (2015-2026)
Figure 12. China Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate (2015-2026)
Figure 13. Japan Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate (2015-2026)
Figure 14. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) (2015-2026)
Figure 15. Global Osmometer Production Capacity (Units) (2015-2026)
Figure 16. Osmometer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Figure 17. Global Osmometer Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Figure 18. Osmometer Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2015 VS 2019
Figure 19. Global Market Osmometer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2019
Figure 20. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Osmometer Revenue in 2019
Figure 21. Global Osmometer Production Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure 22. Global Osmometer Production Market Share by Region in 2019
Figure 23. Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure 24. Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share by Region in 2019
Figure 25. Global Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure 26. North America Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure 27. Europe Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure 28. China Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure 29. Japan Osmometer Production (Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure 30. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure 31. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Region in 2019
Figure 32. North America Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 33. North America Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 34. Canada Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 35. U.S. Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 36. Europe Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 37. Europe Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 38. Germany America Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 39. France Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 40. U.K. Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 41. Italy Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 42. Russia Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure 45. China Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 46. Japan Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 47. South Korea Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 48. Taiwan Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 50. India Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 51. Australia Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 52. Latin America Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 53. Latin America Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 54. Mexico Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 55. Brazil Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 56. Production Market Share of Osmometer by Type (2015-2020)
Figure 57. Production Market Share of Osmometer by Type in 2019
Figure 58. Revenue Share of Osmometer by Type (2015-2020)
Figure 59. Revenue Market Share of Osmometer by Type in 2019
Figure 60. Global Osmometer Production Growth by Type (2015-2020) (Units)
Figure 61. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure 62. Global Osmometer Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 63. Global Osmometer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)
Figure 64. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Figure 65. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Osmometer
Figure 66. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Osmometer
Figure 67. Osmometer Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 68. Channels of Distribution
Figure 69. Distributors Profiles
Figure 70. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Figure 71. Global Osmometer Production Capacity (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 72. Global Osmometer Production (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 73. Global Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 74. Global Osmometer Price and Trend Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 75. Global Osmometer Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2021-2026)
Figure 76. North America Osmometer Production (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 77. North America Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 78. Europe Osmometer Production (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 79. Europe Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 80. China Osmometer Production (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 81. China Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 82. Japan Osmometer Production (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 83. Japan Osmometer Revenue (Million US$) and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 84. Global Forecasted and Consumption Demand Analysis of Osmometer
Figure 85. North America Osmometer Consumption (Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 86. Europe Osmometer Consumption (Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 87. Asia Pacific Osmometer Consumption (Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 88. Latin America Osmometer Consumption (Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
Figure 89. Global Osmometer Production (Units) Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 90. Global Osmometer Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 91. Global Osmometer Consumption Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 92. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 93. Data Triangulation