Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Monochrome Graphic Displays
1.1 Definition of Monochrome Graphic Displays
1.2 Monochrome Graphic Displays Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Green Screen
1.2.3 White Screen
1.2.4 Amber Screen
1.3 Monochrome Graphic Displays Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Manufacturing
1.3.3 Medical
1.3.4 Consumer Electronics
1.3.5 Automotive
1.3.6 Gaming Industries
1.3.7 Others
1.4 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Monochrome Graphic Displays
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Monochrome Graphic Displays
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Monochrome Graphic Displays Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Analysis
4.3 Monochrome Graphic Displays Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Monochrome Graphic Displays Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Monochrome Graphic Displays Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue by Regions
5.2 Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.3.2 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
5.4 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.4.2 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
5.5 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.5.2 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
5.6 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.6.2 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
5.8 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Production
5.8.2 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Import and Export
6 Monochrome Graphic Displays Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production by Type
6.2 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue by Type
6.3 Monochrome Graphic Displays Price by Type
7 Monochrome Graphic Displays Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Monochrome Graphic Displays Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Kyocera
8.1.1 Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Kyocera Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 BOE
8.2.1 BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 BOE Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 AZ Displays
8.3.1 AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 AZ Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Raystar Optronics
8.4.1 Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Raystar Optronics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Eizo
8.5.1 Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Eizo Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Lom LCD Displays
8.6.1 Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Lom LCD Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Japan Display
8.7.1 Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Japan Display Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Richardson Electronics
8.8.1 Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Richardson Electronics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Blaze Display Technologies
8.9.1 Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Blaze Display Technologies Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Microtips Technology
8.10.1 Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Microtips Technology Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Densitron
8.12 Tianma Microelectronics
8.13 Ampronix
8.14 JVC Kenwood
8.15 WiseChip Semiconductor
8.16 Shenzhen Hot Display Technology
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays Market
9.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Monochrome Graphic Displays Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Monochrome Graphic Displays Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Monochrome Graphic Displays Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Monochrome Graphic Displays
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Green Screen Product Picture
Figure White Screen Product Picture
Figure Amber Screen Product Picture
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Manufacturing
Figure Medical
Figure Consumer Electronics
Figure Automotive
Figure Gaming Industries
Figure Others
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Monochrome Graphic Displays
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Monochrome Graphic Displays
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Monochrome Graphic Displays Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Monochrome Graphic Displays Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Kyocera Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table BOE Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table AZ Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Raystar Optronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Eizo Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Lom LCD Displays Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Richardson Electronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Blaze Display Technologies Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Microtips Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Main Business and Markets Served
Table Densitron Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Tianma Microelectronics Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ampronix Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table JVC Kenwood Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table WiseChip Semiconductor Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Table Shenzhen Hot Display Technology Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Monochrome Graphic Displays Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Monochrome Graphic Displays Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Monochrome Graphic Displays Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Monochrome Graphic Displays by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Monochrome Graphic Displays by Application (2019-2025)
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Distributors List
Table Monochrome Graphic Displays Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources