Lignosulfonates, or sulfonated lignin, (CAS number 8062-15-5) are water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte polymers: they are byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping.
The report focuses on the Lignin Sulfonate market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides strategies for companies to overcome threats posed by COVID-19.
Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, enabling it to acquire a wider range of applications in the downstream market. Moreover, customer preference analysis, market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities), new product release, impact of COVID-19, regional conflicts and carbon neutrality provide crucial information for us to take a deep dive into the Lignin Sulfonate market.
Major Players in the Lignin Sulfonate market are:
Shenyang Xingzhenghe Chemical
Weili Group
Borregaard LignoTech
Wuhan East China Chemical
Enaspol
Cardinal Chemicals
Flambeau River Papers
3 S Chemicals
Tembec
Xinyi Feihuang Chemical
Rizhao Fem New Material Technology
Pacific Dust Control
Liaocheng Jinhui Chemical
Abelin Polymers
Gaotang Huadong Muzhisu
Environmenta Protection Technology
Nippon Paper Industries
Dallas Group of America
Jinzhou Sihe
MWV Specialty Chemicals
Domsjo Fabriker
Huaweiyoubang Chemical
Tianjin Yeats Chemical
KMT Polymers Ltd
Yuansheng Chemical
On the basis of types, the Lignin Sulfonate market is primarily split into:
Sodium Lignosulfonate
Calcium Lignosulfonate
Magnesium Lignosulfonate
Others
On the basis of applications, the market covers:
Dispersant
Binder and Adhesive
Animal Feed Molasses Additive
Major Regions or countries covered in this report:
United States
Europe
China
Japan
India
Southeast Asia
Latin America
Middle East and Africa
Others
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2017-2021
Base Year: 2021
Estimated Year: 2022
Forecast Period: 2022-2029
Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Research Report 2022 - Market Size, Current Insights and Development Trends
Table of Content
1 Lignin Sulfonate Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Lignin Sulfonate Market
1.2 Lignin Sulfonate Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029)
1.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Segment by Application
1.3.1 Lignin Sulfonate Market Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
1.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market, Region Wise (2017-2029)
1.5 Global Market Size (Revenue) of Lignin Sulfonate (2017-2029)
1.5.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.5.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.6 Influence of Regional Conflicts on the Lignin Sulfonate Industry
1.7 Impact of Carbon Neutrality on the Lignin Sulfonate Industry
2 Lignin Sulfonate Market Upstream and Downstream Analysis
2.1 Lignin Sulfonate Industrial Chain Analysis
2.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
2.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
2.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
2.5 Manufacturing Process Analysis
2.6 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.6.1 Labor Cost Analysis
2.6.2 Energy Costs Analysis
2.6.3 R&D Costs Analysis
2.7 Major Downstream Buyers of Lignin Sulfonate Analysis
2.8 Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry Upstream and Downstream
3 Players Profiles
3.1 Shenyang Xingzhenghe Chemical
3.1.1 Shenyang Xingzhenghe Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.1.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.1.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.1.4 Business Overview
3.2 Weili Group
3.2.1 Weili Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.2.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.2.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.2.4 Business Overview
3.3 Borregaard LignoTech
3.3.1 Borregaard LignoTech Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.3.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.3.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.3.4 Business Overview
3.4 Wuhan East China Chemical
3.4.1 Wuhan East China Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.4.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.4.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.4.4 Business Overview
3.5 Enaspol
3.5.1 Enaspol Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.5.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.5.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.5.4 Business Overview
3.6 Cardinal Chemicals
3.6.1 Cardinal Chemicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.6.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.6.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.6.4 Business Overview
3.7 Flambeau River Papers
3.7.1 Flambeau River Papers Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.7.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.7.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.7.4 Business Overview
3.8 3 S Chemicals
3.8.1 3 S Chemicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.8.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.8.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.8.4 Business Overview
3.9 Tembec
3.9.1 Tembec Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.9.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.9.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.9.4 Business Overview
3.10 Xinyi Feihuang Chemical
3.10.1 Xinyi Feihuang Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.10.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.10.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.10.4 Business Overview
3.11 Rizhao Fem New Material Technology
3.11.1 Rizhao Fem New Material Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.11.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.11.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.11.4 Business Overview
3.12 Pacific Dust Control
3.12.1 Pacific Dust Control Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.12.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.12.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.12.4 Business Overview
3.13 Liaocheng Jinhui Chemical
3.13.1 Liaocheng Jinhui Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.13.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.13.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.13.4 Business Overview
3.14 Abelin Polymers
3.14.1 Abelin Polymers Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.14.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.14.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.14.4 Business Overview
3.15 Gaotang Huadong Muzhisu
3.15.1 Gaotang Huadong Muzhisu Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.15.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.15.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.15.4 Business Overview
3.16 Environmenta Protection Technology
3.16.1 Environmenta Protection Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.16.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.16.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.16.4 Business Overview
3.17 Nippon Paper Industries
3.17.1 Nippon Paper Industries Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.17.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.17.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.17.4 Business Overview
3.18 Dallas Group of America
3.18.1 Dallas Group of America Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.18.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.18.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.18.4 Business Overview
3.19 Jinzhou Sihe
3.19.1 Jinzhou Sihe Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.19.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.19.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.19.4 Business Overview
3.20 MWV Specialty Chemicals
3.20.1 MWV Specialty Chemicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.20.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.20.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.20.4 Business Overview
3.21 Domsjo Fabriker
3.21.1 Domsjo Fabriker Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.21.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.21.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.21.4 Business Overview
3.22 Huaweiyoubang Chemical
3.22.1 Huaweiyoubang Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.22.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.22.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.22.4 Business Overview
3.23 Tianjin Yeats Chemical
3.23.1 Tianjin Yeats Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.23.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.23.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.23.4 Business Overview
3.24 KMT Polymers Ltd
3.24.1 KMT Polymers Ltd Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.24.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.24.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.24.4 Business Overview
3.25 Yuansheng Chemical
3.25.1 Yuansheng Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
3.25.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification
3.25.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Performance (2017-2022)
3.25.4 Business Overview
4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Landscape by Player
4.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
4.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
4.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
4.5 Lignin Sulfonate Market Competitive Situation and Trends
4.5.1 Lignin Sulfonate Market Concentration Rate
4.5.2 Lignin Sulfonate Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
4.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
5 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Price by Type (2017-2022)
5.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
5.4.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Sodium Lignosulfonate (2017-2022)
5.4.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Calcium Lignosulfonate (2017-2022)
5.4.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Magnesium Lignosulfonate (2017-2022)
5.4.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Others (2017-2022)
6 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
6.3.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption and Growth Rate of Dispersant (2017-2022)
6.3.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption and Growth Rate of Binder and Adhesive (2017-2022)
6.3.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption and Growth Rate of Animal Feed Molasses Additive (2017-2022)
7 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4 United States Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5 Europe Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6 China Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7 Japan Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8 India Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9 Southeast Asia Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.10 Latin America Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.11 Middle East and Africa Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
8 Global Lignin Sulfonate Market Forecast (2022-2029)
8.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.1.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
8.1.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
8.1.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
8.2.1 United States Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.2 Europe Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.3 China Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.4 Japan Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.5 India Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.6 Southeast Asia Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.7 Latin America Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.2.8 Middle East and Africa Lignin Sulfonate Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
8.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
8.3.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Growth Rate of Sodium Lignosulfonate (2022-2029)
8.3.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Growth Rate of Calcium Lignosulfonate (2022-2029)
8.3.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Growth Rate of Magnesium Lignosulfonate (2022-2029)
8.3.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Revenue and Growth Rate of Others (2022-2029)
8.4 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
8.4.1 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption Value and Growth Rate of Dispersant (2022-2029)
8.4.2 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption Value and Growth Rate of Binder and Adhesive (2022-2029)
8.4.3 Global Lignin Sulfonate Consumption Value and Growth Rate of Animal Feed Molasses Additive (2022-2029)
8.5 Lignin Sulfonate Market Forecast Under COVID-19
9 Industry Outlook
9.1 Lignin Sulfonate Market Drivers Analysis
9.2 Lignin Sulfonate Market Restraints and Challenges
9.3 Lignin Sulfonate Market Opportunities Analysis
9.4 Emerging Market Trends
9.5 Lignin Sulfonate Industry Technology Status and Trends
9.6 News of Product Release
9.7 Consumer Preference Analysis
9.8 Lignin Sulfonate Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
9.8.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
9.8.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Lignin Sulfonate Industry Development
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Appendix
11.1 Methodology
11.2 Research Data Source
Dextran - Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024 -2029
Published: 11-Jan-2024 Price: US 3350 Onwards Pages: 122
The global Dextran market was valued at US$ 234.14 million in 2022 and it will reach US$ 346.64 million by the end of 2029, growing at a CAGR of 5.97% during 2023-2029.
Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Dextran, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed bu......
Global Corticosteroids API Market Research Report 2023
Published: 11-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 162
The global Corticosteroids API market was valued at US$ 2206.26 million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ 3309.40 million by 2029, witnessing a CAGR of 6.11% during the forecast period 2023-2029.
North American market for Corticosteroids API is estimated to increase from $ 220.53 million in 2022 to reach $ 302.18 million by 2029, at a CAGR of 4.69 % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2029.
Europe market for Corticosteroids API is estimated to increase from $ 512.79 mi......
Global HPLC Columns Market Research Report 2023
Published: 11-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 149
The global HPLC Columns market was valued at US$ 1823.16 million in 2022 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2674.78 million by 2029, witnessing a CAGR of 6.37% during the forecast period 2023-2029.
The major global manufacturers of HPLC Columns include Agilent, Waters Corporation, Shimadzu, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Danaher, Hamilton, Merck, Bio - Rad, and Restek, etc. In 2022, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately 48.41 % of the revenue.
Report Scope
This r......
Global Inorganic Advanced Phase Change Materials Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 93
The global Inorganic Advanced Phase Change Materials market was valued at US$ 960.3 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2087.3 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 11.9% during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Inorganic Advanced Phase Change Materials is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Inorganic Advanced Phase Ch......
Global Material Jetting 3D Printing Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 88
The global Material Jetting 3D Printing market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Material Jetting 3D Printing is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Material Jetting 3D Printing is estimated to increase from $ million i......
Global Halogen Free Material Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 81
The global Halogen Free Material market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Halogen Free Material is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Halogen Free Material is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ mil......
Global Silicone Adhesives Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 101
The global Silicone Adhesives market was valued at US$ 1999.8 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2628.8 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 3.5% during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Silicone Adhesives is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Silicone Adhesives is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to rea......
Global Paraffin Hydrotreating Catalyst Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 91
The global Paraffin Hydrotreating Catalyst market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Paraffin Hydrotreating Catalyst is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Paraffin Hydrotreating Catalyst is estimated to increase from $ ......
Global Stained Glass Market Research Report 2024
Published: 10-Jan-2024 Price: US 2900 Onwards Pages: 85
The global Stained Glass market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Stained Glass is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during The forecast period of 2024 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Stained Glass is estimated to increase from $ million in 2023 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR ......
SERVICES
Value for Money
We believe in "optimum utilization of available budget and resources". While servicing our clients' (your) market research requirements, we keep the same approach in focus to help you get the best value for your $$s.
Ever Growing Inventory
Ranging from the smallest feasible / required data (datasheets, data facts, SWOT analysis, company profiles, etc) to full research reports that help you make decisions, our inventory is updated almost on a daily basis with the latest industry reports from domain experts that track more than 5000 niche sectors.
One Stop Solution
Need a custom research report on medical devices market? Require all available business intelligence on 3D printing industry? Exploring F&B sector of a particular country/region? RnRMarketResearch.com is your one-stop-solution to all market intelligence needs. We not only offer custom research and consulting services, we also "bundle" reports to meet your needs and help you fetch the data analysis you require for your business.
Dedicated Client Engagement
Not limited to only "finding" relevant reports for you, our client engagement team dedicates its efforts to understand your "business need" and accordingly maps available research data to help you move forward. Call "your" client engagement executive any time of your day and get your questions answered in order to make the correct business decision.
Saving Time and Efforts
Simply share your research requirement details with us and let us do all the hard work to find required intelligence for you. When you add up our "one stop solution" and "dedicated client engagement" services mentioned above, you obviously know the time and effort saving you do by working with us.
Payment Flexibility
Working with Fortune 500 organizations, we understand the importance of being flexible for payments. Share your payment terms with us and we will surely match up to them to ensure you get access to required business intelligence data without having to wait for the payment to be done.
Post-Purchase Research Support
Have questions after reading a report / datasheet bought through us? Not sure about the methodology used for data available in the research? Talk to us / Share your questions with us and if required, we will connect you with the analyst(s)/author(s) of the report(s) and ensure you get satisfactory answers for the same. Need more data / analysis / report(s) on the topic of your research/project? The RnRMarketResearch.com team is here for you 24X7 to support you with your post-purchase requirements.
Subscription Offers & Packages (Get in touch with us for more details -
[email protected] / +1 888 391 5441 )
- Ad Hoc
-
- Pay - as - you - go / Bucket Subscriptions
- Fixed Cost for #of reports
- Customize / Personalize as per your needs
