Global Flexible Packaging Market Research Report 2022
Table of Contents1 Flexible Packaging Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Flexible Packaging
1.2 Flexible Packaging Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Flexible Packaging Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2022 VS 2028
1.2.2 Paper
1.2.3 Aluminum foil
1.2.4 Plastic
1.2.5 Bioplastic
1.3 Flexible Packaging Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Flexible Packaging Consumption Comparison by Application: 2022 VS 2028
1.3.2 Food & Beverages
1.3.3 Pharmaceutical
1.3.4 Cosmetics
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.4.2 Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Flexible Packaging Production Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Flexible Packaging Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 North America Flexible Packaging Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.3 Europe Flexible Packaging Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.4 China Flexible Packaging Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Japan Flexible Packaging Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.3 Flexible Packaging Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Flexible Packaging Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.5 Manufacturers Flexible Packaging Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Flexible Packaging Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Flexible Packaging Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Flexible Packaging Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production Capacity of Flexible Packaging Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.4 North America Flexible Packaging Production
3.4.1 North America Flexible Packaging Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.4.2 North America Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.5 Europe Flexible Packaging Production
3.5.1 Europe Flexible Packaging Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.5.2 Europe Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.6 China Flexible Packaging Production
3.6.1 China Flexible Packaging Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.6.2 China Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.7 Japan Flexible Packaging Production
3.7.1 Japan Flexible Packaging Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.7.2 Japan Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
4 Global Flexible Packaging Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Flexible Packaging Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Flexible Packaging Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Flexible Packaging Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 China Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.3 Global Flexible Packaging Price by Type (2017-2022)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.3 Global Flexible Packaging Price by Application (2017-2022)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Amcor
7.1.1 Amcor Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.1.2 Amcor Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Amcor Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.1.4 Amcor Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Amcor Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Constantia Flexibles
7.2.1 Constantia Flexibles Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.2.2 Constantia Flexibles Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Constantia Flexibles Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.2.4 Constantia Flexibles Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Constantia Flexibles Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Sealed Air
7.3.1 Sealed Air Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.3.2 Sealed Air Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Sealed Air Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.3.4 Sealed Air Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Sealed Air Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Huhtamaki
7.4.1 Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.4.2 Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.4 Huhtamaki Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Huhtamaki Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Coveris
7.5.1 Coveris Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.5.2 Coveris Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Coveris Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.4 Coveris Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Coveris Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Sonoco
7.6.1 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.6.2 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.4 Sonoco Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Sonoco Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Berry
7.7.1 Berry Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
7.7.2 Berry Flexible Packaging Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Berry Flexible Packaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.4 Berry Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Berry Recent Developments/Updates
8 Flexible Packaging Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Flexible Packaging Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Flexible Packaging
8.4 Flexible Packaging Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Flexible Packaging Distributors List
9.3 Flexible Packaging Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Flexible Packaging Industry Trends
10.2 Flexible Packaging Market Drivers
10.3 Flexible Packaging Market Challenges
10.4 Flexible Packaging Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Flexible Packaging by Region (2023-2028)
11.2 North America Flexible Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.3 Europe Flexible Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.4 China Flexible Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.5 Japan Flexible Packaging Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Flexible Packaging
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Flexible Packaging by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Flexible Packaging by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Flexible Packaging by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Flexible Packaging by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2023-2028)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Flexible Packaging by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Flexible Packaging by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Flexible Packaging by Type (2023-2028)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Flexible Packaging by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.1 Global Forecasted Production of Flexible Packaging by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Flexible Packaging by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.3 Global Forecasted Price of Flexible Packaging by Application (2023-2028)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Global Flexible Packaging Market Size by Type (K MT) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 2. Global Flexible Packaging Market Size by Application (K MT) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 3. Flexible Packaging Market Size Comparison by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 4. Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 5. Global Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 6. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 7. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Flexible Packaging as of 2021)
Table 10. Global Market Flexible Packaging Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 11. Manufacturers Flexible Packaging Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Flexible Packaging Product Types
Table 13. Global Flexible Packaging Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 16. Global Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 17. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 18. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 19. Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 20. North America Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 21. Europe Flexible Packaging Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 22. China Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 23. Japan Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 24. Global Flexible Packaging Consumption Market by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 25. Global Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 26. North America Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 27. Europe Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Flexible Packaging Consumption by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 29. Latin America Flexible Packaging Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 30. Global Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 31. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 32. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 33. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 34. Global Flexible Packaging Price (USD/MT) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 35. Global Flexible Packaging Production by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 36. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 37. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 38. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 39. Global Flexible Packaging Price (USD/MT) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 40. Amcor Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 41. Amcor Specification and Application
Table 42. Amcor Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 43. Amcor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 44. Amcor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 45. Constantia Flexibles Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 46. Constantia Flexibles Specification and Application
Table 47. Constantia Flexibles Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 48. Constantia Flexibles Main Business and Markets Served
Table 49. Constantia Flexibles Recent Developments/Updates
Table 50. Sealed Air Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 51. Sealed Air Specification and Application
Table 52. Sealed Air Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 53. Sealed Air Main Business and Markets Served
Table 54. Sealed Air Recent Developments/Updates
Table 55. Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 56. Huhtamaki Specification and Application
Table 57. Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 58. Huhtamaki Main Business and Markets Served
Table 59. Huhtamaki Recent Developments/Updates
Table 60. Coveris Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 61. Coveris Specification and Application
Table 62. Coveris Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 63. Coveris Main Business and Markets Served
Table 64. Coveris Recent Developments/Updates
Table 65. Sonoco Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 66. Sonoco Specification and Application
Table 67. Sonoco Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 68. Sonoco Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Sonoco Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Berry Flexible Packaging Corporation Information
Table 71. Berry Specification and Application
Table 72. Berry Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 73. Berry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Berry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 76. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 77. Flexible Packaging Distributors List
Table 78. Flexible Packaging Customers List
Table 79. Flexible Packaging Market Trends
Table 80. Flexible Packaging Market Drivers
Table 81. Flexible Packaging Market Challenges
Table 82. Flexible Packaging Market Restraints
Table 83. Global Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Table 84. North America Flexible Packaging Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 85. Europe Flexible Packaging Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 86. Asia Pacific Flexible Packaging Consumption Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 87. Latin America Flexible Packaging Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 88. Global Flexible Packaging Production Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 89. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Global Flexible Packaging Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 91. Global Flexible Packaging Production Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 92. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. Global Flexible Packaging Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 94. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 95. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 96. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Product Picture of Flexible Packaging
Figure 2. Global Flexible Packaging Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 3. Paper Product Picture
Figure 4. Aluminum foil Product Picture
Figure 5. Plastic Product Picture
Figure 6. Bioplastic Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Flexible Packaging Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 8. Food & Beverages
Figure 9. Pharmaceutical
Figure 10. Cosmetics
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 13. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) (2017-2028)
Figure 14. Global Flexible Packaging Production Capacity (K MT) & (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Global Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) & (2017-2028)
Figure 16. North America Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. Europe Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. China Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 19. Japan Flexible Packaging Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 20. Flexible Packaging Production Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 21. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 22. Flexible Packaging Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
Figure 23. Global Market Flexible Packaging Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 24. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Flexible Packaging Revenue in 2021
Figure 25. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 26. North America Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 27. Europe Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 28. China Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 29. Japan Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 30. Global Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 31. North America Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 32. North America Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 33. Canada Flexible Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 34. U.S. Flexible Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 35. Europe Flexible Packaging Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 36. Europe Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 37. Germany Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 38. France Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 39. U.K. Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 40. Italy Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 41. Russia Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure 44. China Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 45. Japan Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 46. South Korea Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 49. India Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 50. Australia Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 51. Latin America Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 52. Latin America Flexible Packaging Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 53. Mexico Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 54. Brazil Flexible Packaging Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Figure 55. Production Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 56. Production Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Type in 2021
Figure 57. Revenue Share of Flexible Packaging by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 58. Revenue Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Type in 2021
Figure 59. Production Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 60. Production Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Application in 2021
Figure 61. Revenue Share of Flexible Packaging by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 62. Revenue Market Share of Flexible Packaging by Application in 2021
Figure 63. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Flexible Packaging
Figure 64. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Flexible Packaging
Figure 65. Flexible Packaging Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 66. Channels of Distribution
Figure 67. Distributors Profiles
Figure 68. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Figure 69. North America Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 70. Europe Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 71. China Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 72. Japan Flexible Packaging Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 73. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Flexible Packaging (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 74. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 75. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 76. Global Flexible Packaging Production Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 77. Global Flexible Packaging Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 78. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 79. Data Triangulation