Global Endoscope Camera Heads Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Endoscope Camera Heads
1.1 Definition of Endoscope Camera Heads
1.2 Endoscope Camera Heads Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 HD
1.2.3 3D
1.2.4 Digital
1.3 Endoscope Camera Heads Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Endoscopes
1.3.3 Surgical
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Endoscope Camera Heads Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Endoscope Camera Heads
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Endoscope Camera Heads
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Endoscope Camera Heads Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Analysis
4.3 Endoscope Camera Heads Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Endoscope Camera Heads Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Endoscope Camera Heads Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue by Regions
5.2 Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.3.2 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
5.4 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.4.2 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
5.5 China Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.5.2 China Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
5.6 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.6.2 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
5.8 India Endoscope Camera Heads Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Endoscope Camera Heads Production
5.8.2 India Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Endoscope Camera Heads Import and Export
6 Endoscope Camera Heads Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production by Type
6.2 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue by Type
6.3 Endoscope Camera Heads Price by Type
7 Endoscope Camera Heads Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Endoscope Camera Heads Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 B.Braun
8.1.1 B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 B.Braun Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 WISAP Medical Technology
8.2.1 WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 WISAP Medical Technology Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Optomic
8.3.1 Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Optomic Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions
8.4.1 Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Inventis
8.5.1 Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Inventis Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 North-Southern Electronics Limited
8.6.1 North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 North-Southern Electronics Limited Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Stryker
8.7.1 Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Stryker Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 ATMOS
8.8.1 ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 ATMOS Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Richard Wolf
8.9.1 Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Richard Wolf Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Sopro-Comeg
8.10.1 Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Sopro-Comeg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Ecleris
8.12 Lemke
8.13 Maxer Endoscopy
8.14 Rudolf Medical
8.15 Cymo
8.16 Viking Systems
8.17 Schindler Endoskopie Technologie
8.18 Luxtel
8.19 Chammed
8.20 Provix
8.21 LUT
8.22 Optim
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads Market
9.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Endoscope Camera Heads Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Endoscope Camera Heads Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Endoscope Camera Heads Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Endoscope Camera Heads Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Endoscope Camera Heads Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Endoscope Camera Heads
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure HD Product Picture
Figure 3D Product Picture
Figure Digital Product Picture
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Endoscopes
Figure Surgical
Figure Others
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Endoscope Camera Heads Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Endoscope Camera Heads
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Endoscope Camera Heads
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Endoscope Camera Heads Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Endoscope Camera Heads Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Endoscope Camera Heads Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Endoscope Camera Heads Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Endoscope Camera Heads Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table B.Braun Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table WISAP Medical Technology Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Optomic Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Euroclinic Medi-Care Solutions Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Inventis Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table North-Southern Electronics Limited Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Stryker Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table ATMOS Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Richard Wolf Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Sopro-Comeg Endoscope Camera Heads Main Business and Markets Served
Table Ecleris Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Lemke Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Maxer Endoscopy Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Rudolf Medical Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Cymo Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Viking Systems Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Schindler Endoskopie Technologie Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Luxtel Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Chammed Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Provix Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table LUT Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Table Optim Endoscope Camera Heads Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Endoscope Camera Heads Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Endoscope Camera Heads Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Endoscope Camera Heads Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Endoscope Camera Heads by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Endoscope Camera Heads by Application (2019-2025)
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Distributors List
Table Endoscope Camera Heads Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources