Global Enabling Switches Market Research Report 2021
Table of Contents1 Enabling Switches Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Enabling Switches
1.2 Enabling Switches Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Enabling Switches Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 OFF-ON(2-position)
1.2.3 OFF-ON-OFF(3-position)
1.3 Enabling Switches Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Enabling Switches Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Industrial Robot
1.3.3 Semiconductor Machine
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Enabling Switches Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Enabling Switches Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Enabling Switches Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Enabling Switches Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Enabling Switches Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Enabling Switches Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Enabling Switches Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Enabling Switches Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Enabling Switches Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Enabling Switches Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Enabling Switches Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Enabling Switches Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Enabling Switches Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Enabling Switches Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Enabling Switches Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Enabling Switches Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Enabling Switches Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Enabling Switches Production
3.4.1 North America Enabling Switches Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Enabling Switches Production
3.5.1 Europe Enabling Switches Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Enabling Switches Production
3.6.1 China Enabling Switches Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Enabling Switches Production
3.7.1 Japan Enabling Switches Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
4 Global Enabling Switches Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Enabling Switches Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Enabling Switches Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Enabling Switches Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Enabling Switches Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Enabling Switches Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Enabling Switches Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Enabling Switches Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Enabling Switches Price by Type (2016-2021)
6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 IDEC Corporation
7.1.1 IDEC Corporation Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.1.2 IDEC Corporation Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.1.3 IDEC Corporation Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 IDEC Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 IDEC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Euchner USA
7.2.1 Euchner USA Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.2.2 Euchner USA Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Euchner USA Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Euchner USA Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Euchner USA Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Rockwell Automation
7.3.1 Rockwell Automation Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.3.2 Rockwell Automation Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Rockwell Automation Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Rockwell Automation Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Rockwell Automation Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Omron
7.4.1 Omron Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.4.2 Omron Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Omron Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Omron Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Omron Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 B-COMMAND
7.5.1 B-COMMAND Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.5.2 B-COMMAND Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.5.3 B-COMMAND Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 B-COMMAND Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 B-COMMAND Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 PILZ
7.6.1 PILZ Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.6.2 PILZ Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.6.3 PILZ Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 PILZ Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 PILZ Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Wenglor
7.7.1 Wenglor Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.7.2 Wenglor Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Wenglor Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Wenglor Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Wenglor Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 New Elfin
7.8.1 New Elfin Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.8.2 New Elfin Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.8.3 New Elfin Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.8.4 New Elfin Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 New Elfin Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Pepperl+Fuchs
7.9.1 Pepperl+Fuchs Enabling Switches Corporation Information
7.9.2 Pepperl+Fuchs Enabling Switches Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Pepperl+Fuchs Enabling Switches Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.9.4 Pepperl+Fuchs Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Pepperl+Fuchs Recent Developments/Updates
8 Enabling Switches Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Enabling Switches Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Enabling Switches
8.4 Enabling Switches Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Enabling Switches Distributors List
9.3 Enabling Switches Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Enabling Switches Industry Trends
10.2 Enabling Switches Growth Drivers
10.3 Enabling Switches Market Challenges
10.4 Enabling Switches Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Enabling Switches by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Enabling Switches Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Enabling Switches Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Enabling Switches Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Enabling Switches Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Enabling Switches
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Enabling Switches by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Enabling Switches by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Enabling Switches by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Enabling Switches by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Enabling Switches by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Enabling Switches by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Enabling Switches by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Enabling Switches by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Global Enabling Switches Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Enabling Switches Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Enabling Switches Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Enabling Switches Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Enabling Switches as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Enabling Switches Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Enabling Switches Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Enabling Switches Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Enabling Switches Production Capacity (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Enabling Switches Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Enabling Switches Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Enabling Switches Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Enabling Switches Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Enabling Switches Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Enabling Switches Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. IDEC Corporation Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 38. IDEC Corporation Specification and Application
Table 39. IDEC Corporation Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. IDEC Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. IDEC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. Euchner USA Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 43. Euchner USA Specification and Application
Table 44. Euchner USA Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. Euchner USA Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. Euchner USA Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Rockwell Automation Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 48. Rockwell Automation Specification and Application
Table 49. Rockwell Automation Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Rockwell Automation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Rockwell Automation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. Omron Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 53. Omron Specification and Application
Table 54. Omron Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. Omron Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. Omron Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. B-COMMAND Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 58. B-COMMAND Specification and Application
Table 59. B-COMMAND Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. B-COMMAND Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. B-COMMAND Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. PILZ Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 63. PILZ Specification and Application
Table 64. PILZ Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 65. PILZ Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. PILZ Recent Developments/Updates
Table 67. Wenglor Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 68. Wenglor Specification and Application
Table 69. Wenglor Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 70. Wenglor Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Wenglor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. New Elfin Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 73. New Elfin Specification and Application
Table 74. New Elfin Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 75. New Elfin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 76. New Elfin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 77. Pepperl+Fuchs Enabling Switches Corporation Information
Table 78. Pepperl+Fuchs Specification and Application
Table 79. Pepperl+Fuchs Enabling Switches Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 80. Pepperl+Fuchs Main Business and Markets Served
Table 81. Pepperl+Fuchs Recent Developments/Updates
Table 82. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 83. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 84. Enabling Switches Distributors List
Table 85. Enabling Switches Customers List
Table 86. Enabling Switches Market Trends
Table 87. Enabling Switches Growth Drivers
Table 88. Enabling Switches Market Challenges
Table 89. Enabling Switches Market Restraints
Table 90. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 91. North America Enabling Switches Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 92. Europe Enabling Switches Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 93. Asia Pacific Enabling Switches Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 94. Latin America Enabling Switches Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 95. Global Enabling Switches Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 96. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. Global Enabling Switches Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
Table 98. Global Enabling Switches Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 99. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 100. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 101. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Product Picture of Enabling Switches
Figure 2. Global Enabling Switches Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. OFF-ON(2-position) Product Picture
Figure 4. OFF-ON-OFF(3-position) Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Enabling Switches Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Industrial Robot
Figure 7. Semiconductor Machine
Figure 8. Others
Figure 9. Global Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 10. Global Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 11. Global Enabling Switches Production Capacity (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Global Enabling Switches Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 13. North America Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Europe Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 15. China Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. Japan Enabling Switches Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Enabling Switches Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 18. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Enabling Switches Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 20. Global Market Enabling Switches Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Enabling Switches Revenue in 2020
Figure 22. Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 23. North America Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 24. Europe Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. China Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. Japan Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 29. North America Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 30. North America Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 31. Canada Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 32. U.S. Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 33. Europe Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 35. Germany America Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 36. France Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 37. U.K. Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Italy Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Russia Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 42. China Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Japan Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 44. South Korea Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Taiwan Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 47. India Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Australia Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 51. Mexico Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Enabling Switches Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Production Market Share of Enabling Switches by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Enabling Switches by Type in 2020
Figure 55. Revenue Share of Enabling Switches by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Enabling Switches by Type in 2020
Figure 57. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 58. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 59. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 60. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Enabling Switches
Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Enabling Switches
Figure 63. Enabling Switches Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 67. North America Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 68. Europe Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. China Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Japan Enabling Switches Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Enabling Switches (2015-2027) & (K Units)
Figure 72. Global Enabling Switches Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 73. Global Enabling Switches Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Global Enabling Switches Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 76. Data Triangulation