Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size, Status and Forecast 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Players Covered
1.4 Market Analysis by Type
1.4.1 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Electrical Substations Testing
1.4.3 Engineering and Maintenance Services
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.5.2 Power Transmission and Distribution
1.5.3 Manufacturing and Processing
1.5.4 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size
2.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Growth Trends by Regions
2.2.1 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Regions (2019-2025)
2.2.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Challenges
2.3.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3 Market Share by Key Players
3.1 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by by Players
3.1.1 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue by by Players (2014-2019)
3.1.2 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue Market Share by by Players (2014-2019)
3.1.3 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.3 Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Product/Solution/Service
3.4 Date of Enter into Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Breakdown Data by Type and Application
4.1 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application (2014-2019)
5 North America
5.1 North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
5.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in North America
5.3 North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
5.4 North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
6 Europe
6.1 Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
6.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in Europe
6.3 Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
6.4 Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
7 China
7.1 China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
7.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in China
7.3 China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
7.4 China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
8 Japan
8.1 Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
8.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in Japan
8.3 Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
8.4 Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
9 Southeast Asia
9.1 Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
9.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in Southeast Asia
9.3 Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
9.4 Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
10 India
10.1 India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
10.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in India
10.3 India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
10.4 India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
11 Central & South America
11.1 Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size (2014-2019)
11.2 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Players in Central & South America
11.3 Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type
11.4 Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application
12 International Players Profiles
12.1 ABB
12.1.1 ABB Company Details
12.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.1.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.1.4 ABB Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019))
12.1.5 ABB Recent Development
12.2 GE Grid Solutions
12.2.1 GE Grid Solutions Company Details
12.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.2.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.2.4 GE Grid Solutions Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.2.5 GE Grid Solutions Recent Development
12.3 Siemens
12.3.1 Siemens Company Details
12.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.3.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.3.4 Siemens Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.3.5 Siemens Recent Development
12.4 Mitsubishi Electric
12.4.1 Mitsubishi Electric Company Details
12.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.4.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.4.4 Mitsubishi Electric Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.4.5 Mitsubishi Electric Recent Development
12.5 Ormazabal
12.5.1 Ormazabal Company Details
12.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.5.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.5.4 Ormazabal Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.5.5 Ormazabal Recent Development
12.6 Toshiba
12.6.1 Toshiba Company Details
12.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.6.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.6.4 Toshiba Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.6.5 Toshiba Recent Development
12.7 MYR Group
12.7.1 MYR Group Company Details
12.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.7.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.7.4 MYR Group Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.7.5 MYR Group Recent Development
12.8 MVM OVIT Zrt
12.8.1 MVM OVIT Zrt Company Details
12.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.8.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.8.4 MVM OVIT Zrt Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.8.5 MVM OVIT Zrt Recent Development
12.9 Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd
12.9.1 Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Company Details
12.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.9.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.9.4 Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.9.5 Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Recent Development
12.10 Tekfen Construction and Installation
12.10.1 Tekfen Construction and Installation Company Details
12.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.10.3 Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Introduction
12.10.4 Tekfen Construction and Installation Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
12.10.5 Tekfen Construction and Installation Recent Development
12.11 Trans-Africa Projects
12.12 Schneider Electric
12.13 Hyosung
12.14 Xi'an XD High Voltage
12.15 Shandong Taikai
12.16 Pinggao Electric Co., Ltd
12.17 Chint Group
12.18 UGL Pty Limited
12.19 Litwinpower Engineering Services
12.20 Power Substation Services (PSS)
12.21 Industrial Tests, Inc
12.22 Steinmetz Corporation
13 Market Forecast 2019-2025
13.1 Market Size Forecast by Product (2019-2025)
13.2 Market Size Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
13.3 Market Size Forecast by Regions
13.4 North America
13.5 Europe
13.6 China
13.7 Japan
13.8 Southeast Asia
13.9 India
13.10 Central & South America
14 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
15 Appendix
15.1 Research Methodology
15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.1.2 Data Source
15.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.1.2.2 Primary Sources
15.2 Disclaimer
15.3 Author Details
List of Tables and FiguresTable Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Key Market Segments
Table Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Covered
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2018-2025 (Million US$)
Figuer Electrical Substations Testing Figures
Table Key Players of Electrical Substations Testing
Figuer Engineering and Maintenance Services Figures
Table Key Players of Engineering and Maintenance Services
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Growth by Application 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application in 2018 & 2025
Figure Power Transmission and Distribution Case Studies
Figure Manufacturing and Processing Case Studies
Figure Others Case Studies
Figure Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Report Years Considered
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size and Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Market Top Trends
Table Key Drivers: Impact Analysis (2019-2025)
Table Key Challenges
Figure PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue by by Players (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by by Players (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by by Players in 2018
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services by Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Players Head office and Area Served
Table Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Product/Solution/Service
Table Date of Enter into Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table North America Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table North America Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table Europe Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table China Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table Japan Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table India Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table India Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Figure Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Revenue (2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Key Players Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share (2018-2019)
Table Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Type 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Type 2014-2019
Table Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Share by Application 2014-2019
Table ABB Company Details
Table ABB Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure ABB Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table ABB Recent Development
Table GE Grid Solutions Company Details
Table GE Grid Solutions Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure GE Grid Solutions Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table GE Grid Solutions Recent Development
Table Siemens Company Details
Table Siemens Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Siemens Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Siemens Recent Development
Table Mitsubishi Electric Company Details
Table Mitsubishi Electric Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Mitsubishi Electric Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Electric Recent Development
Table Ormazabal Company Details
Table Ormazabal Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Ormazabal Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Ormazabal Recent Development
Table Toshiba Company Details
Table Toshiba Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Toshiba Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Recent Development
Table MYR Group Company Details
Table MYR Group Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure MYR Group Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table MYR Group Recent Development
Table MVM OVIT Zrt Company Details
Table MVM OVIT Zrt Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure MVM OVIT Zrt Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table MVM OVIT Zrt Recent Development
Table Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Company Details
Table Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Apollo Power Systems Pvt .Ltd Recent Development
Table Tekfen Construction and Installation Company Details
Table Tekfen Construction and Installation Revenue in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Figure Tekfen Construction and Installation Revenue Growth Rate in Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Business (2014-2019)
Table Tekfen Construction and Installation Recent Development
Table Trans-Africa Projects Company Details
Table Schneider Electric Company Details
Table Hyosung Company Details
Table Xi'an XD High Voltage Company Details
Table Shandong Taikai Company Details
Table Pinggao Electric Co., Ltd Company Details
Table Chint Group Company Details
Table UGL Pty Limited Company Details
Table Litwinpower Engineering Services Company Details
Table Power Substation Services (PSS) Company Details
Table Industrial Tests, Inc Company Details
Table Steinmetz Corporation Company Details
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Regions (Million US$) 2019-2025
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Share by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Share by Regions in 2025
Figure North America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure Europe Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure China Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure Japan Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure India Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Figure Central & South America Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size Forecast (2019-2025)(Million USD)
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Product (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Product (2019-2025)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Product in 2025
Table Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Electrical Substations Testing, Engineering and Maintenance Services Market Size by Application in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources