Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Anti-bleeding Drugs
1.1 Definition of Anti-bleeding Drugs
1.2 Anti-bleeding Drugs Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Collagen
1.2.3 Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose
1.2.4 Gelatin
1.2.5 Polysaccharide
1.3 Anti-bleeding Drugs Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Hospitals
1.3.3 Clinics
1.4 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Anti-bleeding Drugs
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Anti-bleeding Drugs
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Anti-bleeding Drugs Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Analysis
4.3 Anti-bleeding Drugs Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Anti-bleeding Drugs Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Anti-bleeding Drugs Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue by Regions
5.2 Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.3.2 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
5.4 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.4.2 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
5.5 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.5.2 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
5.6 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.6.2 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
5.8 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Production
5.8.2 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Import and Export
6 Anti-bleeding Drugs Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production by Type
6.2 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue by Type
6.3 Anti-bleeding Drugs Price by Type
7 Anti-bleeding Drugs Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Anti-bleeding Drugs Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Ethicon
8.1.1 Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Ethicon Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Pfizer Inc.
8.2.1 Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Pfizer Inc. Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Baxter International, Inc
8.3.1 Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Baxter International, Inc Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 CR Bard
8.4.1 CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 CR Bard Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc.
8.5.1 HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Abbott Laboratories
8.6.1 Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Abbott Laboratories Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Grifols, S.A.
8.7.1 Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Grifols, S.A. Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 CSL Behring LLC
8.8.1 CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 CSL Behring LLC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Johnson & Johnson
8.9.1 Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Johnson & Johnson Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Integra LifeSciences Corporation
8.10.1 Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Integra LifeSciences Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Medtronic plc
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs Market
9.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Anti-bleeding Drugs Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Anti-bleeding Drugs Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Anti-bleeding Drugs Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Anti-bleeding Drugs
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Collagen Product Picture
Figure Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose Product Picture
Figure Gelatin Product Picture
Figure Polysaccharide Product Picture
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption (MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Hospitals
Figure Clinics
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Anti-bleeding Drugs
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Anti-bleeding Drugs
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Capacity (MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Average Price (USD/Kg) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production by Regions 2014-2019 (MT)
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (MT)
Table Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure China Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure China Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure India Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (MT)
Figure India Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Anti-bleeding Drugs Production, Consumption Import and Export (MT)
Figure Global Consumption Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Anti-bleeding Drugs Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Ethicon Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Pfizer Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Baxter International, Inc Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CR Bard Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table HemCon Medical Technologies, Inc. Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Abbott Laboratories Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Grifols, S.A. Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CSL Behring LLC Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Johnson & Johnson Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Integra LifeSciences Corporation Anti-bleeding Drugs Main Business and Markets Served
Table Medtronic plc Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Production (MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Anti-bleeding Drugs Sales Price (USD/Kg) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure North America Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure Europe Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure China Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure Japan Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Anti-bleeding Drugs Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (MT)
Figure India Anti-bleeding Drugs Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (MT) of Anti-bleeding Drugs by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (MT) of Anti-bleeding Drugs by Application (2019-2025)
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Distributors List
Table Anti-bleeding Drugs Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources