Global and United States Rat Model Market Report & Forecast 2022-2028
Table of Contents1 Study Coverage
1.1 Rat Model Product Introduction
1.2 Global Rat Model Outlook 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.2.1 Global Rat Model Sales in US$ Million for the Year 2017-2028
1.2.2 Global Rat Model Sales in Volume for the Year 2017-2028
1.3 United States Rat Model Outlook 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.3.1 United States Rat Model Sales in US$ Million for the Year 2017-2028
1.3.2 United States Rat Model Sales in Volume for the Year 2017-2028
1.4 Rat Model Market Size, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.4.1 The Market Share of United States Rat Model in Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.4.2 The Growth Rate of Rat Model Market Size, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
1.5 Rat Model Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Rat Model Industry Trends
1.5.2 Rat Model Market Drivers
1.5.3 Rat Model Market Challenges
1.5.4 Rat Model Market Restraints
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Market by Type
2.1 Rat Model Market Segment by Type
2.1.1 Knockout
2.1.2 Outbred
2.1.3 Inbred
2.1.4 Hybrid
2.1.5 Immunodeficient
2.1.6 Conditioned
2.2 Global Rat Model Market Size by Type
2.2.1 Global Rat Model Sales in Value, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.2.2 Global Rat Model Sales in Volume, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.2.3 Global Rat Model Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3 United States Rat Model Market Size by Type
2.3.1 United States Rat Model Sales in Value, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3.2 United States Rat Model Sales in Volume, by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
2.3.3 United States Rat Model Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3 Market by Application
3.1 Rat Model Market Segment by Application
3.1.1 Oncology
3.1.2 Neurology
3.1.3 Immunology
3.1.4 Toxicology
3.1.5 Other
3.2 Global Rat Model Market Size by Application
3.2.1 Global Rat Model Sales in Value, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.2.2 Global Rat Model Sales in Volume, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.3 Global Rat Model Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3 United States Rat Model Market Size by Application
3.3.1 United States Rat Model Sales in Value, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.2 United States Rat Model Sales in Volume, by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
3.3.3 United States Rat Model Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2017, 2022 & 2028)
4 Global Rat Model Competitor Landscape by Company
4.1 Global Rat Model Market Size by Company
4.1.1 Top Global Rat Model Manufacturers Ranked by Revenue (2021)
4.1.2 Global Rat Model Revenue by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.1.3 Global Rat Model Sales by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.1.4 Global Rat Model Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Rat Model Concentration Ratio (CR)
4.2.1 Rat Model Market Concentration Ratio (CR) (2017-2022)
4.2.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Manufacturers of Rat Model in 2021
4.2.3 Global Rat Model Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.3 Global Rat Model Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Type
4.3.1 Global Rat Model Manufacturers, Headquarters and Distribution of Producing Region
4.3.2 Manufacturers Rat Model Product Type
4.3.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Rat Model Market
4.4 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4.5 United States Rat Model Market Size by Company
4.5.1 Top Rat Model Players in United States, Ranked by Revenue (2021)
4.5.2 United States Rat Model Revenue by Players (2020, 2021 & 2022)
4.5.3 United States Rat Model Sales by Players (2020, 2021 & 2022)
5 Global Rat Model Market Size by Region
5.1 Global Rat Model Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
5.2 Global Rat Model Market Size in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
5.2.1 Global Rat Model Sales in Volume by Region: 2017-2022
5.2.2 Global Rat Model Sales in Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
5.3 Global Rat Model Market Size in Value by Region (2017-2028)
5.3.1 Global Rat Model Sales in Value by Region: 2017-2022
5.3.2 Global Rat Model Sales in Value by Region: 2023-2028
6 Segment in Region Level & Country Level
6.1 North America
6.1.1 North America Rat Model Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.1.2 North America Rat Model Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.1.3 U.S.
6.1.4 Canada
6.2 Asia-Pacific
6.2.1 Asia-Pacific Rat Model Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.2.2 Asia-Pacific Rat Model Market Facts & Figures by Region (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.2.3 China
6.2.4 Japan
6.2.5 South Korea
6.2.6 India
6.2.7 Australia
6.2.8 Taiwan
6.2.9 Indonesia
6.2.10 Thailand
6.2.11 Malaysia
6.2.12 Philippines
6.3 Europe
6.3.1 Europe Rat Model Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.3.2 Europe Rat Model Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.3.3 Germany
6.3.4 France
6.3.5 U.K.
6.3.6 Italy
6.3.7 Russia
6.4 Latin America
6.4.1 Latin America Rat Model Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.4.2 Latin America Rat Model Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.4.3 Mexico
6.4.4 Brazil
6.4.5 Argentina
6.5 Middle East and Africa
6.5.1 Middle East and Africa Rat Model Market Size YoY Growth 2017-2028
6.5.2 Middle East and Africa Rat Model Market Facts & Figures by Country (2017, 2022 & 2028)
6.5.3 Turkey
6.5.4 Saudi Arabia
6.5.5 UAE
7 Company Profiles
7.1 genOway
7.1.1 genOway Corporation Information
7.1.2 genOway Description and Business Overview
7.1.3 genOway Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.1.4 genOway Rat Model Products Offered
7.1.5 genOway Recent Development
7.2 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
7.2.1 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Corporation Information
7.2.2 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Description and Business Overview
7.2.3 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.2.4 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Rat Model Products Offered
7.2.5 Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Recent Development
7.3 Envigo
7.3.1 Envigo Corporation Information
7.3.2 Envigo Description and Business Overview
7.3.3 Envigo Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.3.4 Envigo Rat Model Products Offered
7.3.5 Envigo Recent Development
7.4 Covance Inc.
7.4.1 Covance Inc. Corporation Information
7.4.2 Covance Inc. Description and Business Overview
7.4.3 Covance Inc. Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.4 Covance Inc. Rat Model Products Offered
7.4.5 Covance Inc. Recent Development
7.5 Horizon Discovery Group plc
7.5.1 Horizon Discovery Group plc Corporation Information
7.5.2 Horizon Discovery Group plc Description and Business Overview
7.5.3 Horizon Discovery Group plc Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.4 Horizon Discovery Group plc Rat Model Products Offered
7.5.5 Horizon Discovery Group plc Recent Development
7.6 Janvier Labs
7.6.1 Janvier Labs Corporation Information
7.6.2 Janvier Labs Description and Business Overview
7.6.3 Janvier Labs Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.4 Janvier Labs Rat Model Products Offered
7.6.5 Janvier Labs Recent Development
7.7 Taconic Biosciences, Inc.
7.7.1 Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Corporation Information
7.7.2 Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Description and Business Overview
7.7.3 Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.4 Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Rat Model Products Offered
7.7.5 Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Recent Development
7.8 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere)
7.8.1 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Corporation Information
7.8.2 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Description and Business Overview
7.8.3 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.4 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Rat Model Products Offered
7.8.5 Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Recent Development
7.9 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc.
7.9.1 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Corporation Information
7.9.2 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Description and Business Overview
7.9.3 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Rat Model Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.4 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Rat Model Products Offered
7.9.5 Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Recent Development
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Rat Model Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Rat Model Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Rat Model Distributors
8.3 Rat Model Production Mode & Process
8.4 Rat Model Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Rat Model Sales Channels
8.4.2 Rat Model Distributors
8.5 Rat Model Customers
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.2 Data Source
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer
List of TablesTable 1. Rat Model CAGR in Value, United States VS Global, 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Table 2. Rat Model Market Trends
Table 3. Rat Model Market Drivers
Table 4. Rat Model Market Challenges
Table 5. Rat Model Market Restraints
Table 6. Global Rat Model Sales by Type: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 7. United States Rat Model Sales by Type: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Rat Model Sales by Application: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 9. United States Rat Model Sales by Application: 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 (US$ Million)
Table 10. Top Rat Model Manufacturers in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 11. Global Rat Model Revenue by Manufacturer, (US$ Million), 2017-2022
Table 12. Global Rat Model Revenue Share by Manufacturer, 2017-2022
Table 13. Global Rat Model Sales by Manufacturer, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 14. Global Rat Model Sales Share by Manufacturer, 2017-2022
Table 15. Global Rat Model Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 16. Global Rat Model Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 17. Global Rat Model by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Rat Model as of 2021)
Table 18. Top Players of Rat Model in Global Market, Headquarters and Distribution of Producing Region
Table 19. Manufacturers Rat Model Product Type
Table 20. Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Rat Model Market
Table 21. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 22. Top Rat Model Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 23. United States Rat Model Revenue by Players, (US$ Million), 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 24. United States Rat Model Revenue Share by Players, 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 25. United States Rat Model Sales by Players, (K Units), 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 26. United States Rat Model Sales Share by Players, 2020, 2021 & 2022
Table 27. Global Rat Model Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Table 28. Global Rat Model Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Rat Model Sales in Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Rat Model Sales in Value by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 31. Global Rat Model Sales in Value Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. North America Rat Model Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Table 33. North America Rat Model Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Asia Pacific Rat Model Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Table 35. Asia Pacific Rat Model Sales in Value by Region (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Rat Model Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Rat Model Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Latin America Rat Model Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Table 39. Latin Americaa Rat Model Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Middle East and Africa Rat Model Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Table 41. Middle East and Africa Rat Model Sales in Value by Country (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. genOway Corporation Information
Table 43. genOway Description and Business Overview
Table 44. genOway Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 45. genOway Rat Model Product
Table 46. genOway Recent Development
Table 47. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 48. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 49. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 50. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Product
Table 51. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. Recent Development
Table 52. Envigo Corporation Information
Table 53. Envigo Description and Business Overview
Table 54. Envigo Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 55. Envigo Product
Table 56. Envigo Recent Development
Table 57. Covance Inc. Corporation Information
Table 58. Covance Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 59. Covance Inc. Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 60. Covance Inc. Product
Table 61. Covance Inc. Recent Development
Table 62. Horizon Discovery Group plc Corporation Information
Table 63. Horizon Discovery Group plc Description and Business Overview
Table 64. Horizon Discovery Group plc Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 65. Horizon Discovery Group plc Product
Table 66. Horizon Discovery Group plc Recent Development
Table 67. Janvier Labs Corporation Information
Table 68. Janvier Labs Description and Business Overview
Table 69. Janvier Labs Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 70. Janvier Labs Product
Table 71. Janvier Labs Recent Development
Table 72. Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 73. Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 74. Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 75. Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Product
Table 76. Taconic Biosciences, Inc. Recent Development
Table 77. Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Corporation Information
Table 78. Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Description and Business Overview
Table 79. Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 80. Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Product
Table 81. Biomedical Research Models (Biomere) Recent Development
Table 82. Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 83. Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 84. Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Rat Model Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 85. Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Product
Table 86. Transpogen Biopharmaceutical, Inc. Recent Development
Table 87. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 88. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 89. Rat Model Customers List
Table 90. Rat Model Distributors List
Table 91. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 92. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 93. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of FiguresFigure 1. Rat Model Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Rat Model Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Figure 3. Global Rat Model Market Size 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 4. Global Rat Model Sales 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 5. United States Rat Model Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028
Figure 6. United States Rat Model Market Size 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 7. United States Rat Model Sales 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. United States Rat Model Market Share in Global, in Value (US$ Million) 2017-2028
Figure 9. United States Rat Model Market Share in Global, in Volume (K Units) 2017-2028
Figure 10. Rat Model Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Product Picture of Knockout
Figure 12. Product Picture of Outbred
Figure 13. Product Picture of Inbred
Figure 14. Product Picture of Hybrid
Figure 15. Product Picture of Immunodeficient
Figure 16. Product Picture of Conditioned
Figure 17. Global Rat Model Market Share by Type in 2022 & 2028
Figure 18. Global Rat Model Sales in Value by Type (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Global Rat Model Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 20. Global Rat Model Sales by Type (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 21. Global Rat Model Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 22. Global Rat Model Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 23. United States Rat Model Market Share by Type in 2022 & 2028
Figure 24. United States Rat Model Sales in Value by Type (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. United States Rat Model Sales Market Share in Value by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 26. United States Rat Model Sales by Type (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 27. United States Rat Model Sales Market Share in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 28. United States Rat Model Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 29. Product Picture of Oncology
Figure 30. Product Picture of Neurology
Figure 31. Product Picture of Immunology
Figure 32. Product Picture of Toxicology
Figure 33. Product Picture of Other
Figure 34. Global Rat Model Market Share by Application in 2022 & 2028
Figure 35. Global Rat Model Sales in Value by Application (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Global Rat Model Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 37. Global Rat Model Sales by Application (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Global Rat Model Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. Global Rat Model Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 40. United States Rat Model Market Share by Application in 2022 & 2028
Figure 41. United States Rat Model Sales in Value by Application (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. United States Rat Model Sales Market Share in Value by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 43. United States Rat Model Sales by Application (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 44. United States Rat Model Sales Market Share in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. United States Rat Model Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/Unit)
Figure 46. North America Rat Model Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 47. North America Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 48. U.S. Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Canada Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Europe Rat Model Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 51. Europe Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Germany Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. France Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. U.K. Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 55. Italy Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 56. Russia Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Rat Model Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 58. Asia-Pacific Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 59. China Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 60. Japan Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 61. South Korea Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 62. India Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 63. Australia Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 64. Taiwan Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 65. Indonesia Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 66. Thailand Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 67. Malaysia Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 68. Philippines Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 69. Latin America Rat Model Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 70. Latin America Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 71. Mexico Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 72. Brazil Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 73. Argentina Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 74. Middle East & Africa Rat Model Sales in Volume Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 75. Middle East & Africa Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate 2017-2028 (US$ Million)
Figure 76. Turkey Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 77. Saudi Arabia Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 78. UAE Rat Model Sales in Value Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 79. Rat Model Value Chain
Figure 80. Rat Model Production Process
Figure 81. Channels of Distribution
Figure 82. Distributors Profiles
Figure 83. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 84. Data Triangulation
Figure 85. Key Executives Interviewed