Self-driving Vehicle Actuator Industry Report, 2016

Publisher Name :
Date: 18-May-2016
No. of pages: 96
Inquire Before Buying

The report mainly highlights the following:


  • ADAS and self-driving vehicle chassis and braking system

  • Traditional braking system

  • Braking system for new energy vehicles

  • Global EPS Industry

  • Global braking system and EPS manufacturers


As far as ADAS is concerned, a simple alarm is not enough, and even at the critical moment, active braking system, active deceleration or steering system are needed, for machines are more reliable than people. And controllers and actuators are thus introduced. An actuator is very simple, consisting of brake caliper, steering gear, and air valve, while a controller involves ETC (Electric Throttle Control) and EPS (Electric Power Steering). The brake system is very complicated, and the brake system for the ordinary gasoline and diesel passenger vehicle is controlled by hydraulic system and vacuum servo. But for passenger vehicles, passive safety is superior to active safety. Hence, ESP (ESC, Electronic Stability Control) needs standard configuration, and the brake control system is ESP, which can also control ETC.

To enable active ADAS and self-driving, deep communication between ADAS and controllers is indispensable, which requires controller manufacturers to provide deep support. Of course, they can also create a new system to bypass the original controller. However, the original controller has gained safety certification for scores of years, and the new system has not been certified, which greatly adds costs and complexity. Moreover, it is not realistic for vehicles to be mass-produced. Therefore, it is necessary to win the great support from controller manufacturers. But these controller manufacturers have their own ADAS, unwilling to give up this market. As a result, controller manufacturers do not make available some ports or provide support, so that customers are forced to choose their full set of ADAS. So we can see that the whole ADAS, including sensor algorithm, of Chang’an and Geely is all from Bosch, which has a great impact on China-made sensor manufacturers.

Given the ESC system is paramount, most vehicle manufacturers have related technology. Various names for ESC, hence, have sprung up. Although the prices for these ESC systems are higher than those of Bosch and Continental, manufacturers still use them to maintain their own independence, with Hyundai, for example, adopting Mando’s ESC system. It takes more than 20 years to develop a new ESC system, during which period large amount of capital and practice cost will be incurred.

Most electric vehicles still adopt the braking system of fuel vehicles and gain additional braking power with EVP or Bosch iBooster. As for these electric vehicles, ESC is still the master controller of braking system. But things have changed. As electric vehicles can, through AC motor, achieve reverse deceleration and recover braking energy, the load of EV braking system reduces considerably. And the new technology drive-by-wire braking system can thus be used.

Drive-by-wire braking system has been extensively used in F1cars, and is replaced when the driving range reaches less than 2,000 km, which causes high costs. Its braking sensitivity is much higher than that of traditional braking systems. Moreover, its flexibility increases dramatically. Hence, the braking system is very practical in the field of ADAS and self-driving. This is why Tesla can achieve intelligentization more easily. Drive-by-wire braking system substitutes ESC system or TCS (traction control system), which allows vehicle manufacturers to get rid of dependence on ESC manufacturers. Tesla Model S, Porsche 918 Spyder, and Audi R8-ETRON adopt this design. There are two systems inside the car: one is traditional front wheel hydraulic brake without EVP, which has the function of ABS; the other is rear-wheel drive-by-wire braking system, which uses electrical signal and motor to control brake calipers.

The disadvantages of drive-by-wire braking system are also evident: first, small braking force due to limited motor power; second, high requirements for heat resistance of brake discs. Porsche 918 Spyder and Audi R8-ETRON adopt ceramic brake discs while Tesla uses high-grade ITT brake discs. Third, due to small volume left for braking motor, only permanent magnet motor can be used. And when you put on brakes, permanent magnet has long been working under the high temperature, thus leading to demagnetization. The reliability of drive-by-wire braking system is yet to be tested. At present, the system, which incurs high costs, can not be used as main braking system but only as auxiliary brake.

In the field of EPS, things get better. China acquired Nexteer, and some enterprises can produce low-end C-EPS. However, the future development of EPS is targeted at R-EPS. There is still an obvious gap between at home and abroad. EPS market is highly concentrated, with the top four manufacturers holding a combined market share of over 75%. The market share of Jtekt exceeded one third. After selling ZF Lenksysteme, ZF still has TRW steering business, reflecting that it has placed emphasis on steering system.

For fuel vehicle design, if you want to develop ADAS or self-driving, it may well be the fastest and most cost-effective way to cooperate with Bosch rather than Continental, whose ESC system is rare in China. As for independent sensor design companies, it is the best choice to partner with manufacturers capable of developing ESC braking system, and the same is true of international companies. Take Sweden-based Autoliv, which invested JPY30 billion in April 2016 to cooperate with Japan’s Nissin Kyogo. With regard to China-made vehicle design, we suggest the cooperation with South Korean Mando

In terms of hybrid electric vehicle design, it is best way to adopt ZFTRW IBC and Continental MK C1 to develop ADAS or self-driving. At the early stage of promotion. Continental and ZF are eager to get support from vehicle manufacturers. Moreover, due to its high integration level, the self-driving function can easily be set in drive-by-wire hydraulic brake.

For electric vehicle design, if you adopt permanent magnet motor, given the narrow working range and poor high-temperature resistance of permanent magnet motor, braking system cannot depends too much on the opposing torque of the motor, hence the need to use the powerful booster brake system like Bosch iBooster. If you use AC induction motor, braking system can rely heavily on the opposing torque of the motor, and rear wheel can use the most advanced EMB, or the real drive-by-wire brake.

Self-driving Vehicle Actuator Industry Report, 2016

Table of Contents

1 Braking and Steering System
1.1 Electronic Architecture of Self-driving Cars
1.2 Overview of ADAS-related Chassis
1.3 Structure of Typical Braking System
1.3.1 Principle of Braking System
1.3.2 Magnetic Valve of Braking System
1.3.3 Vacuum Booster Pump
1.4 EV Braking System
1.5 Brake by Wire
1.6 Drive-by-wire Hydraulic Brake System for HEV
1.7Overview of Mercedes-Benz SBC Braking System
1.7.1 Principle of Mercedes-Benz Sensortronic Brake Control (SBC)
1.7.2 Structure of Mercedes-Benz SBC Braking System
1.7.3 Fallback Mode of Mercedes-Benz SBC Braking System
1.7.4 Actuator Loop for Mercedes-Benz SBC Braking System
1.8 Toyota EBC System
1.8.1 Exterior Structure of Toyota EBC System
1.8.2 Interior Structure of Toyota EBC System
1.8.3 Block Diagram for Toyota EBC System Circuit
1.8.4 Connection Diagram for Toyota EBC Hydraulic System and Circuitry
1.9 Drive-by-wire Brakes
1.9.1 Drive-by-wire Brakes of EV Rear Wheel
1.9.2 Drive-by-wire Braking System for Heavy-duty Trucks
1.9.3 Circuit Diagram for Typical Brake-By-Wire System
1.10 ABS
1.10.1 Location of ABS
1.10.2 Internal Architecture of ABS
1.10.3 ABS History and Principle
1.10.4 ABS Evolving into ESP
1.11 Structure of ESP (ESC)
1.11.1 Structure of Audi A4L ESP
1.11.2 ESP Work Analysis
1.11.3 Components of Audi A4L ESP
1.11.4 Distribution of Audi A4L ESP
1.11.5 Development Direction of ESP (ESC)
1.12 Overview of EPS
1.12.1 Structure of R-EPS and P-EPS
1.12.2 R-EPS Analysis
1.13 Overview of Steering-by-wire System
1.14 Steering-by-wire System Needs to Simulate Force-feedback System
1.15 Structure of Electric Throttle Control
1.16 Development of Electric Throttle Control
1.17 Overview of Non-contact Electric Throttle Control

2 Braking System and EPS Industry
2.1 Overview of Automotive Braking System
2.2 Supply Relationship between Vehicle Manufacturers and Brake Suppliers
2.3 ESC Terms
2.4 Market Share of Global ESC Manufacturers
2.5 Supply Relationship between Vehicle Manufacturers and EPS Suppliers
2.6 Global EPS Market Share

3 Braking System and EPS Manufacturers
3.1 Continental Automotive
3.2 ZFTRW
3.3 Bosch
3.4 Mando
3.5 Nexteer
3.6 BWI Group                   
3.7 Zhejiang Asia-Pacific Mechanical & Electronic
3.8 Akebono                   
3.9 Nissin Kyogo
3.10 ThyssenKrupp
3.11 Advics
3.12 Jtekt
3.13 NSK
3.14 Haldex
3.15 Vie Science & Technology
3.16 Tuopu Group
3.17 Hitachi Automotive Systems

  • Global Vehicle HVAC Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 10-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 110
    The global Vehicle HVAC market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030. Automotive is a key driver of this industry. According to data from The World Automobile Organization (OICA), global automobile production and sales in 2017 reached their peak in The past 10 years, at 97.3 million and 95.89 million respectively. In 2018, The global economic expansion ended, and The global auto ......
  • Global Fatigue Sensing Wearables in Automotive Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 10-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 89
    Fatigue detection systems aim to reduce The chances of tiredness causing an accident by using sensors to monitor The driver and their driving style. Reminders to take a break are provided if fatigue is detected. The global Fatigue Sensing Wearables in Automotive market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of % during The forecast period 2024-2030. Automotive is a key driver of this industry. According to data fro......
  • Global Motorcycle Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Sensor Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 10-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 81
    A motorcycle inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor is a device that measures and records The motorcycle's acceleration, orientation, and angular velocity. It is used for stability control, traction control, and rider assistance systems. The global Motorcycle Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Sensor market was valued at US$ 108 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 179.1 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 8.3% during The forecast period 2024-2030. The market ......
  • Global Automotive Cabin Air Quality Sensor Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 92
    Automotive air quality sensors are used to keep track and monitor The quality of air inside The vehicle cabin. There has been a considerable reduction in The cabin emissions with The effective use of automotive cabin air quality sensors in The global market. Furthermore, requirement of enhanced air quality inside The vehicle has backed The growth of automotive cabin air quality sensors market. Driver and The vehicle passengers are often exposed to high level of hazardous pollutants and gases, es......
  • Global Automated Parking Systems Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 126
    An automated (car) parking system (APS) is a mechanical system designed to minimize The area and/or volume required for parking cars. Like a multi-story parking garage, an APS provides parking for cars on multiple levels stacked vertically to maximize The number of parking spaces while minimizing land usage. The APS, however, utilizes a mechanical system to transport cars to and from parking spaces (rather than The driver) in order to eliminate much of The space wasted in a multi-story parking g......
  • Global Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) System Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 71
    Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection, direct petrol injection, spark-ignited direct injection (SIDI) and fuel-stratified injection (FSI), is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern two-stroke and four-stroke gasoline engines. The gasoline is highly pressurized, and injected via a common rail fuel line directly into The combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multipoint fuel injection that injects fuel into The intake tract or cylin......
  • Global Automotive Surround-View Systems Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 102
    Automotive Surround-View Systems is a vehicle camera system that provides different views like top view, rear view and panorama view to assist The driver when parking, either manually or automatically. It offers The driver The view of The exterior of The vehicle to aid in manoeuvring The vehicle to park and to alert The driver to obstacles in its path that may not be immediately visible. A display on The vehicle's interior control panel shows surround view, which is typically composed of four wi......
  • Global Airbag Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 92
    An airbag is a vehicle occupant-restraint system using a bag designed to inflate extremely quickly, then quickly deflate during a collision. It consists of The airbag cushion, a flexible fabric bag, an inflation module, and an impact sensor. The purpose of The airbag is to provide a vehicle occupant a soft cushioning and restraint during a crash event. It can reduce injuries between The flailing occupant and The interior of The vehicle. The airbag provides an energy-absorbing surface......
  • Global Central Tire Inflation System Market Research Report 2024
    Published: 08-Jan-2024        Price: US 2900 Onwards        Pages: 103
    The central tire inflation system controls air pressure in each tire to improve performance on different surfaces. Central Tyre Inflation (CTI) system maximizes vehicle mobility and performance in demanding terrain and conditions, by adjusting The tyre pressure to improve traction, eliminate tyre leak and reduce soil compaction, giving The driver complete control over a vehicle from inside The cab. The global Central Tire Inflation System market was valued at US$ 130 million i......
  • SERVICES
    Value for Money
    We believe in "optimum utilization of available budget and resources". While servicing our clients' (your) market research requirements, we keep the same approach in focus to help you get the best value for your $$s.
    Ever Growing Inventory
    Ranging from the smallest feasible / required data (datasheets, data facts, SWOT analysis, company profiles, etc) to full research reports that help you make decisions, our inventory is updated almost on a daily basis with the latest industry reports from domain experts that track more than 5000 niche sectors.
    One Stop Solution
    Need a custom research report on medical devices market? Require all available business intelligence on 3D printing industry? Exploring F&B sector of a particular country/region? RnRMarketResearch.com is your one-stop-solution to all market intelligence needs. We not only offer custom research and consulting services, we also "bundle" reports to meet your needs and help you fetch the data analysis you require for your business.
    Dedicated Client Engagement
    Not limited to only "finding" relevant reports for you, our client engagement team dedicates its efforts to understand your "business need" and accordingly maps available research data to help you move forward. Call "your" client engagement executive any time of your day and get your questions answered in order to make the correct business decision.
    Saving Time and Efforts
    Simply share your research requirement details with us and let us do all the hard work to find required intelligence for you. When you add up our "one stop solution" and "dedicated client engagement" services mentioned above, you obviously know the time and effort saving you do by working with us.
    Payment Flexibility
    Working with Fortune 500 organizations, we understand the importance of being flexible for payments. Share your payment terms with us and we will surely match up to them to ensure you get access to required business intelligence data without having to wait for the payment to be done.
    Post-Purchase Research Support
    Have questions after reading a report / datasheet bought through us? Not sure about the methodology used for data available in the research? Talk to us / Share your questions with us and if required, we will connect you with the analyst(s)/author(s) of the report(s) and ensure you get satisfactory answers for the same. Need more data / analysis / report(s) on the topic of your research/project? The RnRMarketResearch.com team is here for you 24X7 to support you with your post-purchase requirements. Subscription Offers & Packages (Get in touch with us for more details - [email protected] / +1 888 391 5441 )
    • Ad Hoc
    • Pay - as - you - go / Bucket Subscriptions
    • Fixed Cost for #of reports
    • Customize / Personalize as per your needs