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Refining (additionally referred to as affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is normally used of a pure useful resource that's virtually in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most forms of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but it should burn poorly and rapidly clog an engine with residues and by-products. The time period is broad, and will embrace more drastic transformations, such as the reduction of ore to metal (for which see Refining (metallurgy)).
The refining of liquids is usually completed by distillation or fractionation. Gases may be refined on this manner as nicely, by being cooled and/or compressed till they liquefy. Gases and liquids may also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of curiosity, or the undesirable impurities.
Many solids can be refined by rising crystals in an answer of the impure materials; the common st...
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The refining of liquids is usually completed by distillation or fractionation. Gases may be refined on this manner as nicely, by being cooled and/or compressed till they liquefy. Gases and liquids may also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of curiosity, or the undesirable impurities.
Many solids can be refined by rising crystals in an answer of the impure materials; the common st...
View More
Refining (additionally referred to as affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is normally used of a pure useful resource that's virtually in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most forms of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but it should burn poorly and rapidly clog an engine with residues and by-products. The time period is broad, and will embrace more drastic transformations, such as the reduction of ore to metal (for which see Refining (metallurgy)).
The refining of liquids is usually completed by distillation or fractionation. Gases may be refined on this manner as nicely, by being cooled and/or compressed till they liquefy. Gases and liquids may also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of curiosity, or the undesirable impurities.
Many solids can be refined by rising crystals in an answer of the impure materials; the common structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired materials and exclude other kinds of particles.
Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of specific types.
The usage of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics relies on precise management of impurities. The zone melting course of developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium, and subsequently float-zone silicon became out there when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs tailored Pfann's technique to silicon.
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The refining of liquids is usually completed by distillation or fractionation. Gases may be refined on this manner as nicely, by being cooled and/or compressed till they liquefy. Gases and liquids may also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of curiosity, or the undesirable impurities.
Many solids can be refined by rising crystals in an answer of the impure materials; the common structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired materials and exclude other kinds of particles.
Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of specific types.
The usage of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics relies on precise management of impurities. The zone melting course of developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium, and subsequently float-zone silicon became out there when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs tailored Pfann's technique to silicon.
View Less