Global (United States, European Union and China) Shunt Reactor Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Shunt Reactor Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Oil-Immersed
1.3.3 Air-Core
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Shunt Reactor Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Electric Utilities
1.4.3 Industrial Verticals
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Shunt Reactor Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Shunt Reactor Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Shunt Reactor Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Shunt Reactor Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Shunt Reactor Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Shunt Reactor Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Shunt Reactor Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Shunt Reactor Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Shunt Reactor Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Shunt Reactor Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Shunt Reactor Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Oil-Immersed Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Air-Core Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Shunt Reactor Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Shunt Reactor Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Shunt Reactor Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Shunt Reactor Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Shunt Reactor Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Shunt Reactor Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Shunt Reactor Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 ABB
8.1.1 ABB Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.1.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.1.5 ABB Recent Development
8.2 Siemens
8.2.1 Siemens Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.2.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.2.5 Siemens Recent Development
8.3 Crompton Greaves
8.3.1 Crompton Greaves Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.3.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.3.5 Crompton Greaves Recent Development
8.4 GE
8.4.1 GE Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.4.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.4.5 GE Recent Development
8.5 Zaporozhtransformator
8.5.1 Zaporozhtransformator Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.5.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.5.5 Zaporozhtransformator Recent Development
8.6 Fuji Electric
8.6.1 Fuji Electric Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.6.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.6.5 Fuji Electric Recent Development
8.7 Toshiba
8.7.1 Toshiba Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.7.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.7.5 Toshiba Recent Development
8.8 Mitsubishi Electric
8.8.1 Mitsubishi Electric Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.8.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.8.5 Mitsubishi Electric Recent Development
8.9 Nissin Electric
8.9.1 Nissin Electric Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.9.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.9.5 Nissin Electric Recent Development
8.10 TBEA
8.10.1 TBEA Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Shunt Reactor
8.10.4 Shunt Reactor Product Introduction
8.10.5 TBEA Recent Development
8.11 Trench Group
8.12 Hilkar
8.13 Beijing Power Equipment Group
8.14 HYOSUNG
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Shunt Reactor Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Shunt Reactor Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Shunt Reactor Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Shunt Reactor Sales Channels
10.2.2 Shunt Reactor Distributors
10.3 Shunt Reactor Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Shunt Reactor Product Picture
Table Shunt Reactor Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Covered in This Report
Table Global Shunt Reactor Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Oil-Immersed Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Oil-Immersed
Figure Air-Core Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Air-Core
Table Global Shunt Reactor Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Electric Utilities Use Case
Figure Industrial Verticals Use Case
Figure Shunt Reactor Report Years Considered
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Shunt Reactor Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Shunt Reactor Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Shunt Reactor Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Shunt Reactor Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Shunt Reactor Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Shunt Reactor Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Shunt Reactor Market
Table Key Manufacturers Shunt Reactor Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Oil-Immersed Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Air-Core Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Shunt Reactor Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Shunt Reactor Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Shunt Reactor Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Shunt Reactor Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Shunt Reactor Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Shunt Reactor Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Shunt Reactor Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Shunt Reactor Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table ABB Company Details
Table ABB Description and Business Overview
Table ABB Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ABB Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ABB Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table ABB Recent Development
Table Siemens Company Details
Table Siemens Description and Business Overview
Table Siemens Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Siemens Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Siemens Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Siemens Recent Development
Table Crompton Greaves Company Details
Table Crompton Greaves Description and Business Overview
Table Crompton Greaves Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Crompton Greaves Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Crompton Greaves Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Crompton Greaves Recent Development
Table GE Company Details
Table GE Description and Business Overview
Table GE Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GE Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GE Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table GE Recent Development
Table Zaporozhtransformator Company Details
Table Zaporozhtransformator Description and Business Overview
Table Zaporozhtransformator Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Zaporozhtransformator Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Zaporozhtransformator Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Zaporozhtransformator Recent Development
Table Fuji Electric Company Details
Table Fuji Electric Description and Business Overview
Table Fuji Electric Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Fuji Electric Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Fuji Electric Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Fuji Electric Recent Development
Table Toshiba Company Details
Table Toshiba Description and Business Overview
Table Toshiba Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Toshiba Recent Development
Table Mitsubishi Electric Company Details
Table Mitsubishi Electric Description and Business Overview
Table Mitsubishi Electric Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Electric Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Electric Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Mitsubishi Electric Recent Development
Table Nissin Electric Company Details
Table Nissin Electric Description and Business Overview
Table Nissin Electric Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Nissin Electric Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Nissin Electric Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Nissin Electric Recent Development
Table TBEA Company Details
Table TBEA Description and Business Overview
Table TBEA Shunt Reactor Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table TBEA Shunt Reactor Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table TBEA Shunt Reactor Production Market Share in Global Market
Table TBEA Recent Development
Table Trench Group Company Details
Table Hilkar Company Details
Table Beijing Power Equipment Group Company Details
Table HYOSUNG Company Details
Table Global Shunt Reactor Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Shunt Reactor Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Shunt Reactor Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Shunt Reactor Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Shunt Reactor Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Shunt Reactor Value Chain
Table Shunt Reactor Distributors List
Table Shunt Reactor Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources