Global (United States, European Union and China) Food Robotics Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Food Robotics Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Low Type
1.3.3 Medium Type
1.3.4 Heavy Type
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Food Robotics Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Palletizing
1.4.3 Packaging
1.4.4 Repackaging
1.4.5 Pick & Place
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Food Robotics Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Food Robotics Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Food Robotics Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Food Robotics Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Food Robotics Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Food Robotics Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Food Robotics Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Food Robotics Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Food Robotics Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Food Robotics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Food Robotics Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Food Robotics Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Food Robotics Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Low Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Medium Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Heavy Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Food Robotics Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Food Robotics Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Food Robotics Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Food Robotics Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Food Robotics Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Food Robotics Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Food Robotics Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Food Robotics Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Food Robotics Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Food Robotics Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Food Robotics Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Food Robotics Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Food Robotics Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Food Robotics Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Food Robotics Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 ABB
8.1.1 ABB Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.1.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.1.5 ABB Recent Development
8.2 KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
8.2.1 KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.2.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.2.5 KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Recent Development
8.3 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION
8.3.1 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.3.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.3.5 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Recent Development
8.4 FANUC
8.4.1 FANUC Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.4.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.4.5 FANUC Recent Development
8.5 KUKA
8.5.1 KUKA Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.5.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.5.5 KUKA Recent Development
8.6 Seiko Epson
8.6.1 Seiko Epson Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.6.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.6.5 Seiko Epson Recent Development
8.7 YASKAWA ELECTRIC
8.7.1 YASKAWA ELECTRIC Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.7.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.7.5 YASKAWA ELECTRIC Recent Development
8.8 STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL
8.8.1 STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.8.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.8.5 STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Recent Development
8.9 MAYEKAWA MFG
8.9.1 MAYEKAWA MFG Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.9.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.9.5 MAYEKAWA MFG Recent Development
8.10 UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS
8.10.1 UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Food Robotics
8.10.4 Food Robotics Product Introduction
8.10.5 UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Recent Development
8.11 BASTIAN SOLUTIONS
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Food Robotics Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Food Robotics Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Food Robotics Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Food Robotics Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Food Robotics Sales Channels
10.2.2 Food Robotics Distributors
10.3 Food Robotics Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Food Robotics Product Picture
Table Food Robotics Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Food Robotics Covered in This Report
Table Global Food Robotics Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Food Robotics Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Low Type Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Low Type
Figure Medium Type Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Medium Type
Figure Heavy Type Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Heavy Type
Table Global Food Robotics Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Palletizing Use Case
Figure Packaging Use Case
Figure Repackaging Use Case
Figure Pick & Place Use Case
Figure Food Robotics Report Years Considered
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Food Robotics Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Food Robotics Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Food Robotics Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Food Robotics Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Food Robotics Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Food Robotics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Food Robotics Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Food Robotics Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Food Robotics Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Food Robotics Market
Table Key Manufacturers Food Robotics Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Low Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Medium Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Heavy Type Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Food Robotics Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Food Robotics Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Food Robotics Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Food Robotics Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Food Robotics Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Food Robotics Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Food Robotics Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Food Robotics Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Food Robotics Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Food Robotics Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Food Robotics Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Food Robotics Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Food Robotics Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Food Robotics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Food Robotics Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Food Robotics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Food Robotics Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Food Robotics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Food Robotics Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Food Robotics Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table ABB Company Details
Table ABB Description and Business Overview
Table ABB Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ABB Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ABB Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table ABB Recent Development
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Company Details
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Description and Business Overview
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES Recent Development
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Company Details
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Description and Business Overview
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table ROCKWELL AUTOMATION Recent Development
Table FANUC Company Details
Table FANUC Description and Business Overview
Table FANUC Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table FANUC Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table FANUC Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table FANUC Recent Development
Table KUKA Company Details
Table KUKA Description and Business Overview
Table KUKA Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KUKA Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KUKA Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table KUKA Recent Development
Table Seiko Epson Company Details
Table Seiko Epson Description and Business Overview
Table Seiko Epson Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Seiko Epson Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Seiko Epson Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Seiko Epson Recent Development
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Company Details
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Description and Business Overview
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table YASKAWA ELECTRIC Recent Development
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Company Details
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Description and Business Overview
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table STAUBLI INTERNATIONAL Recent Development
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Company Details
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Description and Business Overview
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table MAYEKAWA MFG Recent Development
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Company Details
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Description and Business Overview
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Food Robotics Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Food Robotics Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Food Robotics Production Market Share in Global Market
Table UNIVERSAL ROBOTICS Recent Development
Table BASTIAN SOLUTIONS Company Details
Table Global Food Robotics Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Food Robotics Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Food Robotics Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Food Robotics Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Food Robotics Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Food Robotics Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Food Robotics Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Food Robotics Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Food Robotics Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Food Robotics Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Food Robotics Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Food Robotics Value Chain
Table Food Robotics Distributors List
Table Food Robotics Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources