Global (United States, European Union and China) Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Pills
1.3.3 Patch
1.3.4 Ring
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Hospital Pharmacies
1.4.3 Retail Pharmacies
1.4.4 E-commerce
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Size
2.1.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Combined hormonal contraceptive Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Regions 2014-2019
2.2.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Regions 2014-2019
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.1.2 Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2014-2019
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Combined hormonal contraceptive Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Combined hormonal contraceptive Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Pills Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Patch Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Ring Sales and Revenue (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
10.1.1 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.1.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.1.5 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Recent Development
10.2 Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals
10.2.1 Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.2.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.2.5 Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
10.3 Actavis
10.3.1 Actavis Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.3.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.3.5 Actavis Recent Development
10.4 Pfizer
10.4.1 Pfizer Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.4.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.4.5 Pfizer Recent Development
10.5 Johnson & Johnson
10.5.1 Johnson & Johnson Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.5.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.5.5 Johnson & Johnson Recent Development
10.6 GlaxoSmithKline
10.6.1 GlaxoSmithKline Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.6.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.6.5 GlaxoSmithKline Recent Development
10.7 Watson Pharma
10.7.1 Watson Pharma Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.7.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.7.5 Watson Pharma Recent Development
10.8 Cipla
10.8.1 Cipla Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.8.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.8.5 Cipla Recent Development
10.9 Novartis International
10.9.1 Novartis International Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Combined hormonal contraceptive
10.9.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Introduction
10.9.5 Novartis International Recent Development
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Channels
11.2.2 Combined hormonal contraceptive Distributors
11.3 Combined hormonal contraceptive Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales and Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
12.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Combined hormonal contraceptive Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.4.2 Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Picture
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Covered in This Report
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Pills Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Pills
Figure Patch Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Patch
Figure Ring Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Ring
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Hospital Pharmacies Use Case
Figure Retail Pharmacies Use Case
Figure E-commerce Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Combined hormonal contraceptive Report Years Considered
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Combined hormonal contraceptive Value Share by Manufacturers in 2019
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Price (2014-2019) (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Combined hormonal contraceptive Market
Table Key Manufacturers Combined hormonal contraceptive Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Pills Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Patch Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Ring Sales and Revenue (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Type
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Company (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Company in 2019
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Market Share by Application in 2019
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Rest of World Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure Japan Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Japan Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Company Details
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Description and Business Overview
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Recent Development
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Company Details
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Description and Business Overview
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Table Actavis Company Details
Table Actavis Description and Business Overview
Table Actavis Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Actavis Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Actavis Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Actavis Recent Development
Table Pfizer Company Details
Table Pfizer Description and Business Overview
Table Pfizer Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Pfizer Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Pfizer Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Pfizer Recent Development
Table Johnson & Johnson Company Details
Table Johnson & Johnson Description and Business Overview
Table Johnson & Johnson Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Johnson & Johnson Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Johnson & Johnson Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Johnson & Johnson Recent Development
Table GlaxoSmithKline Company Details
Table GlaxoSmithKline Description and Business Overview
Table GlaxoSmithKline Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GlaxoSmithKline Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GlaxoSmithKline Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table GlaxoSmithKline Recent Development
Table Watson Pharma Company Details
Table Watson Pharma Description and Business Overview
Table Watson Pharma Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Watson Pharma Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Watson Pharma Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Watson Pharma Recent Development
Table Cipla Company Details
Table Cipla Description and Business Overview
Table Cipla Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Cipla Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Cipla Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Cipla Recent Development
Table Novartis International Company Details
Table Novartis International Description and Business Overview
Table Novartis International Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Novartis International Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Novartis International Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Novartis International Recent Development
Figure Combined hormonal contraceptive Value Chain
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Distributors List
Table Combined hormonal contraceptive Customers List
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure European Union Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure India Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Combined hormonal contraceptive Sales Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Combined hormonal contraceptive Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources