Global (United States, European Union and China) Cockpit Display Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Cockpit Display Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Mission Displays
1.3.3 Driver-Assist Displays
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Cockpit Display Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Trains
1.4.3 Commercial Automobiles
1.4.4 Tactical Vehicles
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Cockpit Display Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Cockpit Display Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Cockpit Display Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Cockpit Display Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Cockpit Display Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Cockpit Display Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Cockpit Display Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Cockpit Display Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Cockpit Display Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Cockpit Display Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Cockpit Display Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Cockpit Display Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Cockpit Display Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Mission Displays Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Driver-Assist Displays Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Cockpit Display Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Cockpit Display Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Cockpit Display Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Cockpit Display Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Cockpit Display Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Cockpit Display Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Cockpit Display Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Cockpit Display Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Cockpit Display Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Cockpit Display Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Cockpit Display Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Cockpit Display Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Cockpit Display Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Cockpit Display Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Cockpit Display Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 AU Optronics Corp
8.1.1 AU Optronics Corp Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.1.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.1.5 AU Optronics Corp Recent Development
8.2 Rockwell Collins Inc
8.2.1 Rockwell Collins Inc Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.2.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.2.5 Rockwell Collins Inc Recent Development
8.3 Innolux Corporation
8.3.1 Innolux Corporation Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.3.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.3.5 Innolux Corporation Recent Development
8.4 Dynamics Canada Ltd
8.4.1 Dynamics Canada Ltd Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.4.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.4.5 Dynamics Canada Ltd Recent Development
8.5 Alpine Electronics
8.5.1 Alpine Electronics Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.5.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.5.5 Alpine Electronics Recent Development
8.6 AND Garmin Ltd
8.6.1 AND Garmin Ltd Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.6.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.6.5 AND Garmin Ltd Recent Development
8.7 Continental AG
8.7.1 Continental AG Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.7.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.7.5 Continental AG Recent Development
8.8 Japan Display Inc
8.8.1 Japan Display Inc Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.8.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.8.5 Japan Display Inc Recent Development
8.9 Japan Display Inc
8.9.1 Japan Display Inc Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.9.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.9.5 Japan Display Inc Recent Development
8.10 Esterline technologies Corporation
8.10.1 Esterline technologies Corporation Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Cockpit Display
8.10.4 Cockpit Display Product Introduction
8.10.5 Esterline technologies Corporation Recent Development
8.11 Texas Instruments Inc
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Cockpit Display Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Cockpit Display Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Cockpit Display Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Cockpit Display Sales Channels
10.2.2 Cockpit Display Distributors
10.3 Cockpit Display Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Cockpit Display Product Picture
Table Cockpit Display Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Cockpit Display Covered in This Report
Table Global Cockpit Display Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Mission Displays Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Mission Displays
Figure Driver-Assist Displays Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Driver-Assist Displays
Table Global Cockpit Display Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Trains Use Case
Figure Commercial Automobiles Use Case
Figure Tactical Vehicles Use Case
Figure Cockpit Display Report Years Considered
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production 2014-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Capacity 2014-2025 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Price 2014-2025 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Cockpit Display Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Cockpit Display Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Cockpit Display Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Cockpit Display Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Cockpit Display Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Cockpit Display Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Cockpit Display Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Cockpit Display Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Cockpit Display Market
Table Key Manufacturers Cockpit Display Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Mission Displays Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Driver-Assist Displays Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Cockpit Display Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Cockpit Display Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Cockpit Display Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Cockpit Display Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Cockpit Display Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Cockpit Display Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Cockpit Display Production and Value 2014-2019 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Cockpit Display Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cockpit Display Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table United States Cockpit Display Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Cockpit Display Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table European Union Cockpit Display Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Cockpit Display Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table China Cockpit Display Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Cockpit Display Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure China Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Korea Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure India Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cockpit Display Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K Units)
Table AU Optronics Corp Company Details
Table AU Optronics Corp Description and Business Overview
Table AU Optronics Corp Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AU Optronics Corp Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AU Optronics Corp Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table AU Optronics Corp Recent Development
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Company Details
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Description and Business Overview
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Rockwell Collins Inc Recent Development
Table Innolux Corporation Company Details
Table Innolux Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Innolux Corporation Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Innolux Corporation Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Innolux Corporation Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Innolux Corporation Recent Development
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Company Details
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Description and Business Overview
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Dynamics Canada Ltd Recent Development
Table Alpine Electronics Company Details
Table Alpine Electronics Description and Business Overview
Table Alpine Electronics Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Alpine Electronics Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Alpine Electronics Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Alpine Electronics Recent Development
Table AND Garmin Ltd Company Details
Table AND Garmin Ltd Description and Business Overview
Table AND Garmin Ltd Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AND Garmin Ltd Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AND Garmin Ltd Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table AND Garmin Ltd Recent Development
Table Continental AG Company Details
Table Continental AG Description and Business Overview
Table Continental AG Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Continental AG Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Continental AG Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Continental AG Recent Development
Table Japan Display Inc Company Details
Table Japan Display Inc Description and Business Overview
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Japan Display Inc Recent Development
Table Japan Display Inc Company Details
Table Japan Display Inc Description and Business Overview
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Japan Display Inc Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Japan Display Inc Recent Development
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Company Details
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Description and Business Overview
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Cockpit Display Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Cockpit Display Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Cockpit Display Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Esterline technologies Corporation Recent Development
Table Texas Instruments Inc Company Details
Table Global Cockpit Display Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Cockpit Display Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table United States Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Cockpit Display Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table European Union Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Cockpit Display Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table China Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Korea Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cockpit Display Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Global Cockpit Display Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Cockpit Display Value Chain
Table Cockpit Display Distributors List
Table Cockpit Display Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources