Global Sulfur Dyes Market Report, History and Forecast 2014-2025, Breakdown Data by Manufacturers, Key Regions, Types and Application
Table of Contents1 Sulfur Dyes Market Overview
1.1 Sulfur Dyes Product Overview
1.2 Sulfur Dyes Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes
1.2.2 CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes
1.2.3 CI Sulfur Dyes
1.2.4 CI Solubilized Sulfur Dyes
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Growth by Type
1.3.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Market Share by Type
1.3.3 Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Market Share by Type
1.3.4 Global Sulfur Dyes Price by Type
1.4 North America Sulfur Dyes by Type
1.5 Europe Sulfur Dyes by Type
1.6 South America Sulfur Dyes by Type
1.7 Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes by Type
2 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Market Share by Company (2014-2019)
2.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Share by Company (2014-2019)
2.3 Global Sulfur Dyes Price by Company (2014-2019)
2.4 Global Top Players Sulfur Dyes Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types
2.5 Sulfur Dyes Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Sulfur Dyes Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Share of Top 5 and Top 10 Players
2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Sulfur Dyes Company Profiles and Sales Data
3.1 Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem
3.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
3.1.2 Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
3.1.3 Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin(2014-2019)
3.1.4 Main Business Overview
3.2 Venus Dye Chem
3.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
3.2.2 Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
3.2.3 Venus Dye Chem Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin(2014-2019)
3.2.4 Main Business Overview
3.3 ABS Laboratories
3.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
3.3.2 Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
3.3.3 ABS Laboratories Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin(2014-2019)
3.3.4 Main Business Overview
3.4 Sinochem Tianjin
3.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
3.4.2 Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
3.4.3 Sinochem Tianjin Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin(2014-2019)
3.4.4 Main Business Overview
3.5
3.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
3.5.2 Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
3.5.3
Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin(2014-2019)
3.5.4 Main Business Overview
...
4 Sulfur Dyes Market Status and Outlook by Regions
4.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Status and Outlook by Regions
4.1.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Size and CAGR by Regions
4.1.2 North America
4.1.3 Europe
4.1.4 Asia-Pacific
4.1.5 South America
4.1.6 Middle East and Africa
4.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue by Regions
4.2.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
4.2.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
4.2.3 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
4.3 North America Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
4.3.1 North America Sulfur Dyes Sales by Countries
4.3.2 United States
4.3.3 Canada
4.3.4 Mexico
4.4 Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
4.4.1 Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales by Countries
4.4.2 Germany
4.4.3 France
4.4.4 UK
4.4.5 Italy
4.4.6 Russia
4.5 Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
4.5.1 Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales by Regions
4.5.2 China
4.5.3 Japan
4.5.4 South Korea
4.5.5 India
4.5.6 Australia
4.5.7 Indonesia
4.5.8 Thailand
4.5.9 Malaysia
4.5.10 Philippines
4.5.11 Vietnam
4.6 South America Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
4.6.1 South America Sulfur Dyes Sales by Countries
4.6.2 Brazil
4.7 Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
4.7.1 Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales by Countries
4.7.2 Turkey
4.7.3 GCC Countries
4.7.4 Egypt
4.7.5 South Africa
5 Sulfur Dyes Application
5.1 Sulfur Dyes Segment by Application
5.1.1 Textile Industry
5.1.2 Others
5.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Product Segment by Application
5.2.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales by Application
5.2.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
5.3 North America Sulfur Dyes by Application
5.4 Europe Sulfur Dyes by Application
5.5 Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes by Application
5.6 South America Sulfur Dyes by Application
5.7 Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes by Application
6 Global Sulfur Dyes Market Forecast
6.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales, Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.1.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
6.1.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
6.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Forecast by Regions
6.2.1 North America Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.2.2 Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.2.3 Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.2.4 South America Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.2.5 Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast (2019-2025)
6.3 Sulfur Dyes Forecast by Type
6.3.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales and Revenue Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
6.3.2 CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes Growth Forecast
6.3.3 CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes Growth Forecast
6.4 Sulfur Dyes Forecast by Application
6.4.1 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
6.4.2 Global Sulfur Dyes Forecast in Textile Industry
6.4.3 Global Sulfur Dyes Forecast in Others
7 Sulfur Dyes Upstream Raw Materials
7.1 Sulfur Dyes Key Raw Materials
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
7.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
7.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.2.1 Raw Materials
7.2.2 Labor Cost
7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Sulfur Dyes Industrial Chain Analysis
8 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors
8.1 Sales Channel
8.2 Distributors
8.3 Downstream Customers
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.2 Data Source
10.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.2.2 Primary Sources
10.3 Author List
10.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Sulfur Dyes Product Picture
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2014-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Status and Outlook (2014-2025)
Figure Product Picture of CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes
Table Major Players of CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes
Figure Global CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Product Picture of CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes
Table Major Players of CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes
Figure Global CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Product Picture of CI Sulfur Dyes
Table Major Players of CI Sulfur Dyes
Figure Global CI Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Product Picture of CI Solubilized Sulfur Dyes
Table Major Players of CI Solubilized Sulfur Dyes
Figure Global CI Solubilized Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Product Picture of Others
Table Major Players of Others
Figure Global Others Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Comparison by Type (K MT)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Price (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Table North America Sulfur Dyes Sales (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure North America Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table South America Sulfur Dyes Sales (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure South America Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales (USD/MT) by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) by Company (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Share by Company in 2018
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million US$) by Company (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Share by Company (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Share by Company in 2018
Table Global Market Sulfur Dyes Average Price (USD/MT) by Company (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Top Company Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Top Manufacturers Product Category
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) 15
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Market Share of Top 5 Company
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Market Share of Top 10 Company
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Basic Information List
Table Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
Table Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Qingdao Sanhuan Colorchem Description and Business Overview
Table Venus Dye Chem Basic Information List
Table Venus Dye Chem Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
Table Venus Dye Chem Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Venus Dye Chem Description and Business Overview
Table ABS Laboratories Basic Information List
Table ABS Laboratories Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
Table ABS Laboratories Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure ABS Laboratories Description and Business Overview
Table Sinochem Tianjin Basic Information List
Table Sinochem Tianjin Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
Table Sinochem Tianjin Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Sinochem Tianjin Description and Business Overview
Table
Basic Information List
Table
Sulfur Dyes Product Category, Application and Specification
Table
Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure
Description and Business Overview
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Market Size Comparison by Regions (2014-2025) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure North America Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure South America Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) by Regions (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Regions
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure North America Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Rate
Table North America Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure United States Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure United States Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Canada Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Canada Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Mexico Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Mexico Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Rate
Table Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Germany Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Germany Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure France Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure France Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure UK Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure UK Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Italy Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Italy Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Russia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Russia Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Rate
Table Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure China Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure China Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Japan Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Japan Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure South Korea Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure South Korea Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure India Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure India Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Australia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Australia Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Indonesia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Indonesia Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Thailand Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Thailand Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Malaysia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Malaysia Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Philippines Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Philippines Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Vietnam Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Vietnam Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure South America Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Rate
Table South America Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Brazil Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Brazil Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Rate
Table Middle East and Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Turkey Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Turkey Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure GCC Countries Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure GCC Countries Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Egypt Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure Egypt Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure South Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT)(2014-2019)
Figure South Africa Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD)(2014-2019)
Figure Textile Industry Examples
Figure Others Examples
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2014-2025)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share by Application in 2018
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2025)
Figure North America Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure North America Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Europe Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure China Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Japan Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South Korea Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South Korea Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure India Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure India Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Australia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Australia Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Indonesia Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Indonesia Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South America Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South America Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Middle East & Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Middle East & Africa Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Turkey Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Turkey Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure GCC Countries Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure GCC Countries Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Egypt Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure Egypt Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South Africa Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Figure South Africa Sulfur Dyes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2025)
Figure CI Leuco Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Forecast
Figure CI Condensed Sulfur Dyes Sales Growth Forecast
Table Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales Forecast by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Forecast in Textile Industry
Figure Global Sulfur Dyes Sales (K MT) Forecast in Others
Table Key Raw Materials Lists
Figure Key Raw Materials Price
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Figure Sulfur Dyes Manufacturing Cost Structure
Figure Sulfur Dyes Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Distributors List
Table Sulfur Dyes Downstream Customers
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Figure Key Executives Interviewed
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources