Global Repellents Market Insights, Forecast to 2025
Table of Contents1 Study Coverage
1.1 Repellents Product
1.2 Market Segments
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.4.1 Global Repellents Market Size Growth Rate by Product
1.4.2 Liquids
1.4.3 Solids
1.4.4 Pump Sprays
1.4.5 Creams
1.4.6 Aerosols
1.5 Market by End User
1.5.1 Global Repellents Market Size Growth Rate by End User
1.5.2 Supermarket/Hypermarket
1.5.3 Online Retails Stores
1.5.4 Departmental Stores
1.5.5 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Repellents Market Size
2.1.1 Global Repellents Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Repellents Sales 2014-2025
2.2 Repellents Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Repellents Sales by Regions
2.2.2 Global Repellents Revenue by Regions
3 Breakdown Data by Manufacturers
3.1 Repellents Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Repellents Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Repellents Sales Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1.3 Global Repellents Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.2 Repellents Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Repellents Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Repellents Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.3 Repellents Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Repellents Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Types
3.4.1 Repellents Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
3.4.2 Manufacturers Repellents Product Type
3.4.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Repellents Market
3.5 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Breakdown Data by Product
4.1 Global Repellents Sales by Product
4.2 Global Repellents Revenue by Product
4.3 Repellents Price by Product
5 Breakdown Data by End User
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Repellents Breakdown Data by End User
6 North America
6.1 North America Repellents by Countries
6.1.1 North America Repellents Sales by Countries
6.1.2 North America Repellents Revenue by Countries
6.1.3 United States
6.1.4 Canada
6.1.5 Mexico
6.2 North America Repellents by Product
6.3 North America Repellents by End User
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Repellents by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Repellents Sales by Countries
7.1.2 Europe Repellents Revenue by Countries
7.1.3 Germany
7.1.4 France
7.1.5 UK
7.1.6 Italy
7.1.7 Russia
7.2 Europe Repellents by Product
7.3 Europe Repellents by End User
8 Asia Pacific
8.1 Asia Pacific Repellents by Countries
8.1.1 Asia Pacific Repellents Sales by Countries
8.1.2 Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue by Countries
8.1.3 China
8.1.4 Japan
8.1.5 Korea
8.1.6 India
8.1.7 Australia
8.1.8 Indonesia
8.1.9 Malaysia
8.1.10 Philippines
8.1.11 Thailand
8.1.12 Vietnam
8.1.13 Singapore
8.2 Asia Pacific Repellents by Product
8.3 Asia Pacific Repellents by End User
9 Central & South America
9.1 Central & South America Repellents by Countries
9.1.1 Central & South America Repellents Sales by Countries
9.1.2 Central & South America Repellents Revenue by Countries
9.1.3 Brazil
9.2 Central & South America Repellents by Product
9.3 Central & South America Repellents by End User
10 Middle East and Africa
10.1 Middle East and Africa Repellents by Countries
10.1.1 Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales by Countries
10.1.2 Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue by Countries
10.1.3 GCC Countries
10.1.4 Turkey
10.1.5 Egypt
10.1.6 South Africa
10.2 Middle East and Africa Repellents by Product
10.3 Middle East and Africa Repellents by End User
11 Company Profiles
11.1 Balsara Hygiene Products
11.1.1 Balsara Hygiene Products Company Details
11.1.2 Company Business Overview
11.1.3 Balsara Hygiene Products Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.1.4 Balsara Hygiene Products Repellents Products Offered
11.1.5 Balsara Hygiene Products Recent Development
11.2 Bayer
11.2.1 Bayer Company Details
11.2.2 Company Business Overview
11.2.3 Bayer Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.2.4 Bayer Repellents Products Offered
11.2.5 Bayer Recent Development
11.3 Henkel
11.3.1 Henkel Company Details
11.3.2 Company Business Overview
11.3.3 Henkel Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.3.4 Henkel Repellents Products Offered
11.3.5 Henkel Recent Development
11.4 Jyothi Laboratories
11.4.1 Jyothi Laboratories Company Details
11.4.2 Company Business Overview
11.4.3 Jyothi Laboratories Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.4.4 Jyothi Laboratories Repellents Products Offered
11.4.5 Jyothi Laboratories Recent Development
11.5 Motomco
11.5.1 Motomco Company Details
11.5.2 Company Business Overview
11.5.3 Motomco Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.5.4 Motomco Repellents Products Offered
11.5.5 Motomco Recent Development
11.6 Reckitt Benckiser
11.6.1 Reckitt Benckiser Company Details
11.6.2 Company Business Overview
11.6.3 Reckitt Benckiser Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.6.4 Reckitt Benckiser Repellents Products Offered
11.6.5 Reckitt Benckiser Recent Development
11.7 SC Johnson
11.7.1 SC Johnson Company Details
11.7.2 Company Business Overview
11.7.3 SC Johnson Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.7.4 SC Johnson Repellents Products Offered
11.7.5 SC Johnson Recent Development
11.8 Spectrum Brands
11.8.1 Spectrum Brands Company Details
11.8.2 Company Business Overview
11.8.3 Spectrum Brands Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.8.4 Spectrum Brands Repellents Products Offered
11.8.5 Spectrum Brands Recent Development
11.9 Tainwala Chem & Plastic
11.9.1 Tainwala Chem & Plastic Company Details
11.9.2 Company Business Overview
11.9.3 Tainwala Chem & Plastic Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.9.4 Tainwala Chem & Plastic Repellents Products Offered
11.9.5 Tainwala Chem & Plastic Recent Development
11.10 Willert Home Products
11.10.1 Willert Home Products Company Details
11.10.2 Company Business Overview
11.10.3 Willert Home Products Repellents Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
11.10.4 Willert Home Products Repellents Products Offered
11.10.5 Willert Home Products Recent Development
12 Future Forecast
12.1 Repellents Market Forecast by Regions
12.1.1 Global Repellents Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.1.2 Global Repellents Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
12.2 Repellents Market Forecast by Product
12.2.1 Global Repellents Sales Forecast by Product 2019-2025
12.2.2 Global Repellents Revenue Forecast by Product 2019-2025
12.3 Repellents Market Forecast by End User
12.4 North America Repellents Forecast
12.5 Europe Repellents Forecast
12.6 Asia Pacific Repellents Forecast
12.7 Central & South America Repellents Forecast
12.8 Middle East and Africa Repellents Forecast
13 Market Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
13.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers
13.2 Market Challenges
13.3 Market Risks/Restraints
13.4 Macroscopic Indicators
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
14.1 Value Chain Analysis
14.2 Repellents Customers
14.3 Sales Channels Analysis
14.3.1 Sales Channels
14.3.2 Distributors
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Research Methodology
16.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.2 Data Source
16.2 Author Details
16.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Repellents Product Picture
Table Repellents Market Segments
Table Key Manufacturers Repellents Covered
Table Global Repellents Market Size Growth Rate by Product 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Product 2014-2025
Figure Liquids Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Liquids
Figure Solids Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Solids
Figure Pump Sprays Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Pump Sprays
Figure Creams Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Creams
Figure Aerosols Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Aerosols
Table Global Repellents Market Size Growth Rate by End User 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Supermarket/Hypermarket
Figure Online Retails Stores
Figure Departmental Stores
Figure Others
Figure Repellents Report Years Considered
Figure Global Repellents Market Size 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Repellents Sales 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Market Size by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Repellents Sales by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure 2018 Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Regions
Table Global Repellents Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Repellents Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Repellents Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure 2018 Global Repellents Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Repellents Sales by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Repellents Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Repellents Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Repellents Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Repellents Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Key Manufacturers Repellents Price (2014-2019) (USD/MT)
Table Repellents Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Repellents Product Type
Table Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Repellents Market
Table Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure Global Repellents Sales Market Share by Product in 2018
Table Global Repellents Revenue by Product (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Repellents Revenue Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure Global Repellents Revenue Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure Global Repellents Revenue Market Share by Product in 2018
Table Repellents Price by Product 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Repellents Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure Global Sales Repellents Market Share by End User in 2018
Figure North America Repellents Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Repellents Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table North America Repellents Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table North America Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 North America Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries
Table North America Repellents Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table North America Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 North America Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Canada Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Canada Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Mexico Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Mexico Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table North America Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table North America Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 North America Repellents Market Share by Product
Table North America Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table North America Repellents Sales Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 North America Repellents Market Share by End User
Figure Europe Repellents Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Repellents Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Repellents Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Europe Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Europe Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Europe Repellents Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Europe Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Europe Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Germany Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure France Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure France Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure UK Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure UK Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Italy Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Italy Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Russia Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Russia Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Europe Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Europe Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Europe Repellents Market Share by Product
Table Europe Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Europe Repellents Sales Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Europe Repellents Market Share by End User
Figure Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure China Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Japan Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Japan Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Korea Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure India Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Australia Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Australia Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Indonesia Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Malaysia Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Philippines Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Philippines Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Thailand Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Thailand Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Vietnam Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Singapore Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Singapore Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Asia Pacific Repellents Market Share by Product
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Asia Pacific Repellents Market Share by End User
Figure Central & South America Repellents Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Repellents Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Central & South America Repellents Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Brazil Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Argentina Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Argentina Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Repellents Market Share by Product
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Repellents Sales Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Central & South America Repellents Market Share by End User
Figure Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue by Countries (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure GCC Countries Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Turkey Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Turkey Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure Egypt Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Egypt Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Figure South Africa Repellents Sales Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure South Africa Repellents Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales by Product (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Market Share by Product (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Repellents Market Share by Product
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales by End User (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Market Share by End User (2014-2019)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Repellents Market Share by End User
Table Balsara Hygiene Products Company Details
Table Balsara Hygiene Products Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Balsara Hygiene Products Recent Development
Table Bayer Company Details
Table Bayer Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bayer Recent Development
Table Henkel Company Details
Table Henkel Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Recent Development
Table Jyothi Laboratories Company Details
Table Jyothi Laboratories Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Jyothi Laboratories Recent Development
Table Motomco Company Details
Table Motomco Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Motomco Recent Development
Table Reckitt Benckiser Company Details
Table Reckitt Benckiser Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Recent Development
Table SC Johnson Company Details
Table SC Johnson Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SC Johnson Recent Development
Table Spectrum Brands Company Details
Table Spectrum Brands Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Spectrum Brands Recent Development
Table Tainwala Chem & Plastic Company Details
Table Tainwala Chem & Plastic Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Tainwala Chem & Plastic Recent Development
Table Willert Home Products Company Details
Table Willert Home Products Repellents Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Willert Home Products Recent Development
Table Global Repellents Sales Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Repellents Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Repellents Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Repellents Sales Forecast by Product 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Market Share Forecast by Product 2019-2025
Table Global Repellents Revenue Forecast by Product 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Repellents Revenue Market Share Forecast by Product 2019-2025
Table Global Repellents Sales Forecast by End User 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Repellents Sales Market Share Forecast by End User 2019-2025
Figure North America Repellents Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (K MT)
Figure North America Repellents Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Europe Repellents Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (K MT)
Figure Europe Repellents Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Asia Pacific Repellents Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Repellents Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Central & South America Repellents Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Repellents Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Figure Middle East and Africa Repellents Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Repellents Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2025) (Million US$)
Table Repellents Value Chain
Table Repellents Customers List
Table Repellents Distributors List
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources