Global Octabin Market Insights, Forecast to 2025
Table of ContentsGlobal Octabin Market Research Report 2019-2025, by Manufacturers, Regions, Types and Applications
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Octabin Product
1.2 Key Market Segments in This Study
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.4.1 Global Octabin Market Size Growth Rate by Type
1.4.2 Standard Octabins
1.4.3 Base Discharge Octabins
1.4.4 Self-assembly Octabins
1.4.5 Telescopies Octabins
1.4.6 Others
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Octabin Market Size Growth Rate by Application
1.5.2 End Industry
1.5.3 Consumer Goods
1.5.4 Chemical Industry
1.5.5 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Octabin Production
2.1.1 Global Octabin Revenue 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Octabin Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Octabin Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Octabin Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Octabin Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.3 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.3.1 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.3.2 Key Octabin Manufacturers
2.4 Market Drivers, Trends and Issues
2.5 Macroscopic Indicator
2.5.1 GDP for Major Regions
2.5.2 Price of Raw Materials in Dollars: Evolution
3 Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1 Octabin Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Octabin Production by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Octabin Production Market Share by Manufacturers
3.2 Octabin Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Octabin Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Octabin Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.3 Octabin Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Octabin Production by Regions
4.1 Global Octabin Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Octabin Production Market Share by Regions
4.1.2 Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Regions
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Octabin Production
4.2.2 United States Octabin Revenue
4.2.3 Key Players in United States
4.2.4 United States Octabin Import & Export
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Octabin Production
4.3.2 Europe Octabin Revenue
4.3.3 Key Players in Europe
4.3.4 Europe Octabin Import & Export
4.4 China
4.4.1 China Octabin Production
4.4.2 China Octabin Revenue
4.4.3 Key Players in China
4.4.4 China Octabin Import & Export
4.5 Japan
4.5.1 Japan Octabin Production
4.5.2 Japan Octabin Revenue
4.5.3 Key Players in Japan
4.5.4 Japan Octabin Import & Export
4.6 Other Regions
4.6.1 South Korea
4.6.2 India
4.6.3 Southeast Asia
5 Octabin Consumption by Regions
5.1 Global Octabin Consumption by Regions
5.1.1 Global Octabin Consumption by Regions
5.1.2 Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Regions
5.2 North America
5.2.1 North America Octabin Consumption by Application
5.2.2 North America Octabin Consumption by Countries
5.2.3 United States
5.2.4 Canada
5.2.5 Mexico
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Europe Octabin Consumption by Application
5.3.2 Europe Octabin Consumption by Countries
5.3.3 Germany
5.3.4 France
5.3.5 UK
5.3.6 Italy
5.3.7 Russia
5.4 Asia Pacific
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption by Application
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption by Countries
5.4.3 China
5.4.4 Japan
5.4.5 South Korea
5.4.6 India
5.4.7 Australia
5.4.8 Indonesia
5.4.9 Thailand
5.4.10 Malaysia
5.4.11 Philippines
5.4.12 Vietnam
5.5 Central & South America
5.5.1 Central & South America Octabin Consumption by Application
5.5.2 Central & South America Octabin Consumption by Countries
5.5.3 Brazil
5.6 Middle East and Africa
5.6.1 Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption by Application
5.6.2 Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption by Countries
5.6.3 Turkey
5.6.4 GCC Countries
5.6.5 Egypt
5.6.6 South Africa
6 Market Size by Type
6.1 Global Octabin Breakdown Dada by Type
6.2 Global Octabin Revenue by Type
6.3 Octabin Price by Type
7 Market Size by Application
7.1 Overview
7.2 Global Octabin Breakdown Dada by Application
7.2.1 Global Octabin Consumption by Application
7.2.2 Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Manufacturers Profiles
8.1 Smurfit Kappa
8.1.1 Smurfit Kappa Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description
8.1.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.1.4 Octabin Product Description
8.1.5 SWOT Analysis
8.2 DS Smith
8.2.1 DS Smith Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description
8.2.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.2.4 Octabin Product Description
8.2.5 SWOT Analysis
8.3 Mondi
8.3.1 Mondi Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description
8.3.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.3.4 Octabin Product Description
8.3.5 SWOT Analysis
8.4 IBC International
8.4.1 IBC International Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description
8.4.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.4.4 Octabin Product Description
8.4.5 SWOT Analysis
8.5 International Paper
8.5.1 International Paper Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description
8.5.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.5.4 Octabin Product Description
8.5.5 SWOT Analysis
8.6 Europac
8.6.1 Europac Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description
8.6.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.6.4 Octabin Product Description
8.6.5 SWOT Analysis
8.7 Rondo Ganahl
8.7.1 Rondo Ganahl Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description
8.7.3 Capacity, Production and Value of Octabin
8.7.4 Octabin Product Description
8.7.5 SWOT Analysis
9 Production Forecasts
9.1 Octabin Production and Revenue Forecast
9.1.1 Global Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Octabin Production and Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Regions
9.2.2 Global Octabin Production Forecast by Regions
9.3 Octabin Key Producers Forecast
9.3.1 United States
9.3.2 Europe
9.3.3 China
9.3.4 Japan
9.4 Forecast by Type
9.4.1 Global Octabin Production Forecast by Type
9.4.2 Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Type
10 Consumption Forecast
10.1 Consumption Forecast by Application
10.2 Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions
10.3 North America Market Consumption Forecast
10.3.1 North America Octabin Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.3.2 United States
10.3.3 Canada
10.3.4 Mexico
10.4 Europe Market Consumption Forecast
10.4.1 Europe Octabin Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.4.2 Germany
10.4.3 France
10.4.4 UK
10.4.5 Italy
10.4.6 Russia
10.5 Asia Pacific Market Consumption Forecast
10.5.1 Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.5.2 China
10.5.3 Japan
10.5.4 Korea
10.5.5 India
10.5.6 Australia
10.5.7 Indonesia
10.5.8 Thailand
10.5.9 Malaysia
10.5.10 Philippines
10.5.11 Vietnam
10.6 Central & South America Market Consumption Forecast
10.6.1 Central & South America Octabin Consumption Forecast by Country 2019-2025
10.6.2 Brazil
10.7 Middle East and Africa Market Consumption Forecast
10.7.1 Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption Forecast by Countries 2019-2025
10.7.2 Middle East and Africa
10.7.3 Turkey
10.7.4 GCC Countries
10.7.5 Egypt
10.7.6 South Africa
11 Upstream, Industry Chain and Downstream Customers Analysis
11.1 Analysis of Octabin Upstream Market
11.1.1 Octabin Key Raw Material
11.1.2 Typical Suppliers of Key Octabin Raw Material
11.1.3 Octabin Raw Material Market Concentration Rate
11.2 Octabin Industry Chain Analysis
11.3 Marketing & Distribution
11.4 Octabin Distributors
11.5 Octabin Customers
12 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
12.1 Market Opportunities
12.2 Market Challenges
12.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
13 Key Findings
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Octabin Product Picture
Table Octabin Key Market Segments in This Study
Table Key Manufacturers Octabin Covered in This Study
Table Global Octabin Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share 2014-2025
Figure Standard Octabins Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Standard Octabins
Figure Base Discharge Octabins Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Base Discharge Octabins
Figure Self-assembly Octabins Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Self-assembly Octabins
Figure Telescopies Octabins Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Telescopies Octabins
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Global Octabin Market Size Growth Rate by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure End Industry
Figure Consumer Goods
Figure Chemical Industry
Figure Others
Figure Octabin Report Years Considered
Figure Global Octabin Revenue 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Production 2014-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Capacity 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Octabin Capacity (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Price 2014-2025 (USD/MT)
Table Global Octabin Market Size Growth Rate by Regions 2019-2025(K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Octabin Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Octabin Product Offered
Table Date of Manufacturers Enter into Octabin Market
Table Global Octabin Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Octabin Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Octabin Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Octabin Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Octabin Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Octabin Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Octabin Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Octabin Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Octabin Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table United States Octabin Import & Export
Figure Europe Octabin Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Octabin Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Europe Octabin Import & Export
Figure China Octabin Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Octabin Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table China Octabin Import & Export
Figure Japan Octabin Production and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Octabin Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table Japan Octabin Import & Export
Table Global Octabin Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table North America Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 North America Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application
Table North America Octabin Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 North America Octabin Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Canada Octabin Consumption (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mexico Octabin Consumption (K MT) and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Europe Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Europe Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Europe Octabin Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Europe Octabin Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure France Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure UK Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Italy Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Russia Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption Market Share by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Japan Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Australia Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Thailand Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Philippines Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (K MT)
Table Central & South America Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2017 Central & South America Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Central & South America Octabin Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Octabin Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure 2018 Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application
Table Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption by Countries (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption Market Share by Countries
Figure Turkey Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Egypt Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure South Africa Octabin Consumption and Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Production by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Octabin Revenue by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Octabin Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Octabin Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2025) (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Octabin Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Octabin Value (Consumption) Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Smurfit Kappa Company Details
Table Smurfit Kappa Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Smurfit Kappa Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Smurfit Kappa Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Smurfit Kappa Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table DS Smith Company Details
Table DS Smith Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure DS Smith Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure DS Smith Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table DS Smith Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table Mondi Company Details
Table Mondi Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Mondi Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mondi Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Mondi Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table IBC International Company Details
Table IBC International Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure IBC International Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure IBC International Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table IBC International Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table International Paper Company Details
Table International Paper Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure International Paper Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure International Paper Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table International Paper Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table Europac Company Details
Table Europac Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Europac Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Europac Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Europac Octabin SWOT Analysis
Table Rondo Ganahl Company Details
Table Rondo Ganahl Octabin Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Figure Rondo Ganahl Octabin Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Rondo Ganahl Octabin Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Rondo Ganahl Octabin SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Octabin Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Figure United States Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Europe Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Octabin Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Octabin Revenue Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Octabin Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Octabin Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Octabin Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Table Global Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Octabin Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table North America Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure United States Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Canada Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure MexicoOctabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Europe Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Germany Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure France Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure UK Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Italy Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Russia Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Australia Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Thailand Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Philippines Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Central & South America Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Brazil Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Turkey Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Egypt Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure South Africa Octabin Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Octabin Key Raw Material
Table Typical Suppliers of Key Octabin Raw Material
Figure Octabin Industry Chain
Table Distributors/Traders List
Table Octabin Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources