Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
1.1 Definition of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
1.2 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Silica Powder Acid Solution
1.2.3 Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
1.3 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Sodium Fluoride
1.3.3 Chemical Determination
1.3.4 Additive
1.3.5 Wood Preservation
1.4 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Analysis
4.3 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue by Regions
5.2 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.3.2 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
5.4 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.4.2 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
5.5 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.5.2 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
5.6 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.6.2 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
5.8 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production
5.8.2 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Import and Export
6 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production by Type
6.2 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue by Type
6.3 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Price by Type
7 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Daikin Industries
8.1.1 Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Daikin Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 E.I. Dupont De
8.2.1 E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 E.I. Dupont De Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Solvay
8.3.1 Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Solvay Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Asahi Glass
8.4.1 Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Asahi Glass Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Arkema
8.5.1 Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Arkema Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 3M
8.6.1 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 3M Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Dongyue Group
8.7.1 Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Dongyue Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Gujarat Fluorochemicals
8.8.1 Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Gujarat Fluorochemicals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Honeywell
8.9.1 Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Honeywell Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Kureha Corporation
8.10.1 Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Kureha Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Saint-Gobain
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market
9.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Hydrofluosilicic Acid Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Silica Powder Acid Solution Product Picture
Figure Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Product Picture
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Sodium Fluoride
Figure Chemical Determination
Figure Additive
Figure Wood Preservation
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Hydrofluosilicic Acid
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Hydrofluosilicic Acid Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Daikin Industries Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table E.I. Dupont De Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Solvay Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Asahi Glass Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Arkema Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table 3M Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dongyue Group Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Gujarat Fluorochemicals Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Honeywell Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Kureha Corporation Hydrofluosilicic Acid Main Business and Markets Served
Table Saint-Gobain Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Hydrofluosilicic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Hydrofluosilicic Acid Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Hydrofluosilicic Acid by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Hydrofluosilicic Acid by Application (2019-2025)
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Distributors List
Table Hydrofluosilicic Acid Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources