Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Professional Survey Report 2019
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
1.1 Definition of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
1.2 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Epoxy
1.2.3 Phenolic
1.2.4 Bismaleimide (BMI)
1.2.5 Cyanate Ester
1.2.6 Thermoplastic
1.2.7 Others
1.3 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Aerospace & Defense
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Sports & Leisure
1.3.5 Wind
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Analysis
4.3 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue by Regions
5.2 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.3.2 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
5.4 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.4.2 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
5.5 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.5.2 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
5.6 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.6.2 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
5.8 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production
5.8.2 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Import and Export
6 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production by Type
6.2 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue by Type
6.3 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Price by Type
7 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Cytec Solvay
8.1.1 Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Cytec Solvay Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Gurit
8.2.1 Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Gurit Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Hexcel
8.3.1 Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Hexcel Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Teijin
8.4.1 Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Teijin Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Royal Tencate
8.5.1 Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Royal Tencate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Axiom Materials
8.6.1 Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Axiom Materials Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Dexcraft
8.7.1 Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Dexcraft Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Toray
8.8.1 Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Toray Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Mitsubishi Rayon
8.9.1 Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Mitsubishi Rayon Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Park Electrochemical
8.10.1 Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Park Electrochemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market
9.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Carbon Fiber Prepreg Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Picture of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Epoxy Product Picture
Figure Phenolic Product Picture
Figure Bismaleimide (BMI) Product Picture
Figure Cyanate Ester Product Picture
Figure Thermoplastic Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Aerospace & Defense
Figure Automotive
Figure Sports & Leisure
Figure Wind
Figure Others
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Carbon Fiber Prepreg
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Carbon Fiber Prepreg Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Cytec Solvay Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Gurit Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Hexcel Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Teijin Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Royal Tencate Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Axiom Materials Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Dexcraft Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Toray Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Sites and Area Served
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Park Electrochemical Carbon Fiber Prepreg Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Carbon Fiber Prepreg Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure North America Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Carbon Fiber Prepreg Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Carbon Fiber Prepreg by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Carbon Fiber Prepreg by Application (2019-2025)
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Distributors List
Table Carbon Fiber Prepreg Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources